Secondary exam in history. How to memorize the Great Patriotic War to pass the Unified State Exam in History

Very soon, not only the Unified State Exam in social studies, but also in history awaits you? Did you know that one of the most significant blocks of tested tasks on the Unified State Exam in history is the Great Patriotic War? I offer my own analysis of a number of tasks on this topic.

The Great Patriotic War in the Unified State Exam format

During the May holidays, let us remember the importance of understanding the course and events of the Great Patriotic War for successfully passing the Unified State Exam in history. Let's turn to the demo version of the Unified State Examination in History 2014. These are Unified State Exam tests in history. We see in part A three tasks directly related to the events of the Second World War, and in part B a detailed task B6 in the form of a table.

Let's look at these tasks. A16. How should we reason here? The most important thing that a graduate should remember is its periodization. So, in the Second World War there are clearly three stages:

1) Defensive(events of 1941-1942 before the start of the Red Army's counteroffensive near Stalingrad in November 1942). The most significant events here are the Battle of Moscow, which resulted in the temporary stabilization of the front after the failure of Operation Typhoon to capture Moscow by Wehrmacht forces. By the way, you should also know the names of the main operations on the fronts of the Second World War. This is another subject for testing the Unified State Exam in history and a way to navigate the events of the Second World War. So the option 2 has already disappeared. In general, the events of the Second World War did not have a positional character at any stage; the situation on the fronts was constantly and rapidly changing. This is rather a characteristic of the First World War (1914-1918).

2) Radical fracture(this is a fight for the initiative and the decisive advantage in the war of the end of 1942-1943). The radical turning point began with the counteroffensive at Stalingrad and the destruction of the Paulus group, continued with the victory at the Oryol-Kursk Bulge in the summer of 1943, and ended in the fall of 1943 with a grandiose operation to force the “Eastern Wall” built by the Germans on the Dnieper. The main result of this part of the war was the entry of our troops to the western border in March 1944.

3) Offensive(these are the famous 10 Stalinist strikes of 1944, which made it possible to completely liberate the territory of the USSR, for example, Operation Bagration for the liberation of Belarus, the liberation of the territory of Eastern European countries and the final defeat of German groups in Europe). The Great Patriotic War ended with the events of May 8-9, 1945, when the Wehrmacht group capitulated in Prague and the Act of complete and unconditional surrender of German troops to the USSR was signed. Happy Victory Day!

Thus, the answer options 1 and 3 rather come to characterize the last stage of the war. The correct answer is 4.

One of the most famous photographs of the Second World War. At Stalingrad, the 6th Infantry Army of Field Marshal F. Paulus was surrounded and destroyed. He himself surrenders on January 31, 1943, and on February 2 the entire operation “Ring” ends.

Considering the strengthening of the Unified State Examination block in history related to visual material - in part B (maps, diagrams, portraits), I recommend paying close attention to them, memorizing them and using them in preparation for the exam.

But A17 is a question about general erudition, rather than about knowledge of the events of the Second World War. An intelligent graduate, who may have attended a music school, will certainly mark option 4 as correct. The 7th (Heroic) Symphony became an unconditional symbol of the feat of besieged Leningrad. And its author - Dimitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich, great Soviet composer.

It is absolutely logical that the country that defeated fascism in the World War, taking upon itself the brunt of the burden of Victory, expanded its influence in the world. A simple understanding of the term “Cold War” will help here - a military-political clash of superpowers that began after the end of the World War. The opponents of the USSR in it were precisely the former allies in the Anti-Hitler coalition - the USA, Great Britain, and their military bloc NATO. Options 2 and 4 belong to a much later time - the Brezhnev-Gorbachev 1970-1980s. It was then that, for the first time, the degree of conflict of the Cold War began to be discharged by partnership agreements and the disarmament process.

Difficult tasks of part B of the Unified State Exam in history

Part B assignments given in the Unified State Exam in history in 2012-2013 are considered by many to be among the most difficult in the Unified State Exam format. The fact is that they test a number of graduate competencies, which often a school teacher simply cannot help develop during history lessons. This is the translation of historical information into other sign systems - for example, in B6 tabular form. And working with historical maps and diagrams. Let's try to explain the main approaches to completing these tasks using examples from the Second World War of the Unified State Exam. Let's look at the demo again:

So, here the knowledge of the dates of the war is tested, and the ability to correlate the participants of the Second World War with the events of the war. Let us note that if the periodization of the war is memorized (or memorized), then knowledge of its heroes also indicates a high intellectual level of the graduate. I immediately recommend solving this task, entering the answers directly into the If there are controversial answers or your doubts, this will help you immediately compare the difficulties that have arisen and deal with them.

Thus, with dates, as we see, if you have mastered the brief periodization of the war (see above), everything is clear. But to correlate with the events, we were offered heroic characters who were remembered for their military exploits. Thus, the symbol of the defense of Stalingrad became the “Pavlov’s House”, which a group of soldiers defended during the most difficult street battles.

And, one of the legendary characters of the heroic defense of Moscow became 28 “Panfilov men” under the leadership of political instructor Klochkov from the 316th Infantry Division under the command of Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov. It must be taken into account that during the Second World War, Soviet propaganda created a number of myths. Apparently, the famous battle on November 16, 1941 in the area of ​​the Dubosekovo junction, 7 kilometers southeast of Volokolamsk (Volokolamsk Highway) is one of them. According to the official version, 28 people who accomplished the feat destroyed 18 enemy tanks and died during a 4-hour battle.

The phrase “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind us!”, which political instructor Klochkov said before his death, was included in Soviet school and university history textbooks.

And now last year’s innovation - working with a historical map (scheme). We have already noted that the main difficulties for graduates arise precisely with this block. And, by the way, the entire set of these tasks B8-B13 will give you 7 out of 19.

Let's turn to the options for the real Unified State Exam in History 2013, posted by Rosobrnadzor. In 10 options out of 24 in tasks B8-B13, the theme of the Great Patriotic War was observed. The theme of the historical maps was, it is worth noting, the most banal: Batya’s invasion, the Battle of Kalka, the Northern and Crimean Wars, Civil War. Among the non-standard ones are the development of the empire in the first half of the 19th century and the bloc strategy of the Cold War.

Let's think about the map right away. We see the huge coverage of the front (from the Dnieper - Ukraine, to the Volga - Center of Russia). Of course, you can’t do this task without knowing the basics of geography, so don’t yawn in class either. Such coverage of the territory of hostilities (we read in the legend of the map that it is war that is depicted) characterizes only the Second World War (Great Patriotic War). As already noted, this is where the maximum intensity of hostilities is observed.

We draw the main markers directly on the map. When preparing Unified State Exam topics in history, I recommend that you independently plot on a contour map all the main events and objects encountered in the topic. This will allow you to better remember the map visually.

So, let's mark our considerations on the map. The key object on the map is usually indicated by the number 1. This is a city on the Volga. It is around it, as you can see, that the main events take place on the map. The only city on the Volga in the area of ​​which the heaviest battles of the Second World War took place is Stalingrad. For check. What is the name of this city now? Volgograd was renamed in 1961 during Khrushchev's de-Stalinization. Visual confirmation:

Volgograd. Monument “The Motherland Calls!” on Mamayev Kurgan. Sculptor Vuchetich, 1967. One of the most recognizable monuments dedicated to the events of the Second World War.

So, AT 8. STALINGRAD.

AT 11. We remember the periodization of the Second World War ( see above). By 1943, the entire radical change was completed, and the Battle of Stalingrad was only its beginning. Option 1 is not correct. Of course, we also remember the battle of Moscow. Therefore, Stalingrad is not the first, or even the second offensive during the Second World War. Option 2 is not correct. Option 5 doesn't look very realistic. So many soldiers surrender together, let’s use logic. Paulus's group (we remember that it was he who was defeated at Stalingrad) numbered about 300 thousand soldiers and officers in the final phase of the battle. Option 5 is not correct.

Now let’s check ourselves and immediately remember that:

• The Red Army's counteroffensive operation near Stalingrad was called "Uranus"
• K.K. Rokossovsky - marshal, twice hero of the USSR actually led one of the three fronts that surrounded and defeated the Wehrmacht troops in the Battle of the Volga
• And, as already noted, the Red Army’s counteroffensive at Stalingrad began in November 1942.

I think the answer to task B10 is already clear.

AT 10 O'CLOCK. ROOT FRACTURE

AT 11. 346

NO SPACES AND COMMAS!

And task B9 in this case will not be given to someone who does not have a deep knowledge of the material about the history of the Battle of Stalingrad. The city on map 2 is Kalach-on-Don (or simply Kalach). It was here that the only one was stopped black arrow on the map is the 4th Panzer Army of General Hermann Hoth, which tried to break through to the aid of the encircled infantrymen of Paulus at the end of 1942. After its defeat, the fate of the “operational pocket” (surrounded by Paulus’s 6th Infantry Army) was decided.

AT 9. KALACH (KALACH-ON-DON) Any of the options will be counted; this is an accepted practice on the Unified State Examination in history.

And the final part B of the Unified State Exam tests on the history of tasks B12-B13. They are logically related to each other, first the image (cartoon, stamp, painting) is usually given, then usually the building associated chronologically with the image. In this case, it seems to me that anyone will recognize the hugging great tyrants of the twentieth century - J. Stalin and A. Hitler. Hitler plunges a knife into Stalin's back - an allusion to Germany's violation of the 10-year Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 on June 22, 1941.

We discard incorrect options here, just like in Q11. Option 4 definitely not correct, the war with Finland (“winter”) was fought in 1939-1940. The cartoon could not have been created before 1941. Option 5 not true. Of course, you won’t be able to say when this caricature was born under the conditions of a real Unified State Examination, but options 2 and 3 are logical.

AT 12. 23

Well, when asked which building was built during the years of Stalin’s leadership, it turns out that we choose option 2 - this is one of the 7 famous Stalin's skyscrapers in Moscow, namely, the main building of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

How to solve WWII history problems?

1. Memorize the periodization of the Great Patriotic War. There is little information, but the benefits and ability to navigate the WWII field are enormous.

2. Remember the heroes of the Second World War, mentally tie them to specific events.

3. The entire history of the Second World War is documented in photo and video materials. Watch them whenever possible and remember them.

4. Any war can be studied only on the map of this war. Draw the events you read about directly on the map and remember them.

5. Use your knowledge of geography.

6. Be interested in monuments dedicated to the events of the Second World War and paintings.

7. Love and know your history, the history of the GREAT FEAT OF OUR PEOPLE IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR of 1941-1945.

Happy Victory Day to you!

Hello, dear applicants and friends of the site!

Today we will talk to you about an extremely important topic - the Great Patriotic War, within the framework of. It's not only greatest event XX century. War has become a symbol of the invincibility of the Russian and its friendly peoples. Of course, the topic is included in the exam tests. Naturally, I will not be able to analyze all the facets of this topic here. For this purpose, I am preparing my own course on the entire history of Russia for applicants. However, I can still cite key things as part of this post on the history of the Unified State Exam online.

Recommendation one: never confuse World War II and the Great Patriotic War. Dates of World War II: September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945; The Great Patriotic War - June 22, 1941 to May 8, 1945. These wars are related to each other as the particular with the whole: The Great Patriotic War is a long period in the Second World War.

World War II and Great Patriotic War:

Causes: aggression of Hitler's Germany, supported by the ideology of Nazism, which the Western powers turned a blind eye to: England, France, the USA. Fear of the “Red Threat”, which did not allow the functioning of the collective security system in Europe, hence the desire of the West to strangle the USSR with the help of Hitler and direct aggression to the East. This is precisely the reason for the so-called “strange war” in the first months.

Occasion: On August 31, 1939, a group of Nazis dressed in Polish uniforms seized a radio station in the German city of Gleiwitz and broadcast in Polish that Poland wanted war against Germany. Of course this was a provocation.

Reasons for the Second World War there was no: after the attack on the USSR on June 22, 1941, Germany stated that the USSR fired at the airfields of Romania, and Romania was an ally of Germany and therefore Germany declared war on the Soviet Union.

Course of events. The Second World War can be divided into the following periods:

1. The beginning of hostilities in Europe: from the attack of Nazi Germany on Poland to the aggression against Soviet Union(September 1, 1939 to June 22, 1941)

2. expansion of fascist and Nazi aggression and the scale of the war: from the attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR and the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union to the landing of Anglo-American troops in North Africa and counter-offensive Soviet army near Stalingrad (22 June 1941 to November 1942)

3. A radical turning point during the Second World War: from the Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad to the capitulation of fascist Italy and the liberation of left-bank Ukraine (November 1942 - December 1943)

4. The defeat of fascism and Nazism in Europe: from the offensive of the Soviet Army near Leningrad, in Ukraine and Belarus and the opening of a second front in Europe to the surrender of Germany (January 1944 - May 8, 1945). This ended the Great Patriotic War! But the second World War continued!

5. The defeat of militaristic Japan: from the surrender of Germany to the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945.

Please learn these periods - then it will be easier for you when completing assignments. exam history online.

Results of the Second World War: the defeat of countries that supported Nazism and fascism as priorities for their development.

Consequences: human rights and freedoms are recognized and consolidated at the international level, the emergence of an active (and not inactive, like the League of Nations) international organization for the peaceful resolution of conflicts - the United Nations (UN), the split of the world into two capitalist systems opposing each other (US leader ) and socialist (leader of the USSR), as a result - a split among the allied countries in the anti-Hitler coalition. The beginning of the Cold War - political, economic and ideological confrontation between countries and systems.

Ideology is a system of ideas about the structure of society. Fascism stands for statism - the primacy of a state that will deal with enemies outside, by exalting one people. But fascism does not advocate the destruction of all peoples except this one chosen people. He just gives him O greater rights than others (chauvinism, anti-Semitism). Nazism stands for the destruction of all peoples and nations - except one, in the case of Hitler's Germany - the Aryan. This is extremely important to remember when making decisions offline as well.

Also, one cannot equate communism and Nazism - these are different things. Check out the following interesting video to understand the difference.

IN Let's look at some complex exam tests on the topic of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War.

Essay on the theme of the Second World War

1941 – 1945 – one of the most difficult times in Russian history, the period of the Great Patriotic War.

Beginning of the Great Patriotic War

In the early morning of June 22, 1941, German troops crossed the border with the USSR and began an offensive deep into Soviet territory. Germany's allies - Italy, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia - also declared war on the Soviet Union. Japan, which posed a threat to the eastern borders of the USSR, refrained from declaring war, as it was busy preparing for war with the United States.

The German plan for an attack on the USSR - the Barbarossa plan - was developed throughout 1940 - 1941 and provided for a rapid advance of German troops during the summer-autumn campaign and the capture of the European part of Russia up to the Volga - Ural Mountains. The Soviet military command, preparing for an offensive war, did not develop serious defense plans and turned out to be unprepared for a German attack.
Thus, thanks to the surprise of the attack, the numerical superiority of the Germans and the mistakes of the military and leadership of the USSR, Germany and its satellites captured the Baltic states, Belarus, Moldova, a significant part of Ukraine and Russia.

Battle of Stalingrad

Turning point in the war

In December 1941, Soviet forces went on the offensive and pushed the Germans back several hundred kilometers from Moscow. In the spring of 1942, Soviet troops were defeated near Kharkov, the strategic initiative was intercepted by the German command, and by mid-summer the Germans went on the offensive and in the fall reached the Volga near Stalingrad and captured part of North Caucasus.

On November 19, 1942, Soviet troops struck in the Stalingrad area and on February 2, 1943, surrounded German and Romanian troops and defeated them as a result of Operation Uranus. At the same time, the Germans were expelled from the North Caucasus. On January 18, 1943, the blockade of Leningrad was broken. In the summer of 1943, the last large-scale German offensive on the eastern front began. The main attack was directed at the Kursk Bulge, where the enemy concentrated the main forces and the latest military equipment. However, the German offensive ended in failure and the defeat of the German Army Group Center.

Final period of the war

In 1944, the Red Army carried out a series of major offensive operations - the so-called “10 Stalinist strikes”, as a result of which it almost completely liberated the territory of the USSR from the Nazis and launched an offensive on the countries of Eastern Europe - Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. At the beginning of 1945, the USSR captured the territories of Prussia, Hungary and Austria and reached Berlin. On April 16, 1945, the Berlin Offensive beganI'm an operation. On April 25, 1945, Soviet troops on the Elbe River met for the first time with American troops advancing from the west.

Results of the Great Patriotic War

On May 8, 1945, the act of surrender of Germany was signed. During the Great Patriotic War, as a result of German aggression and unsuccessful decisions of the Soviet leadership, the USSR suffered colossal losses - more than 30 million people. In material terms, the USSR lost a third of its national wealth. As a result of the war, the USSR included part of East Prussia with the city of Koenisberg, renamed Kaliningrad, part of Western Ukraine and Finland. The authority and influence of the USSR in the world was greatly strengthened. Historians, in particular A. A. Danilov, evaluate the victory in the Great Patriotic War as the most significant event in the history of our country in the 20th century.

Test “The Great Patriotic War” in Unified State Exam format

1. Place the events of the Great Patriotic War in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate the events in the correct sequence.

1) Complete lifting of the siege of Leningrad

2) Defense of the Brest Fortress

3) Operation “Bagration”

2. Establish a correspondence between the events of the Great Patriotic War and their dates: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EVENTS

DATES

A) Yalta Conference

B) Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad

B) Liberation of Sevastopol

D) Battle of Kursk

1) 1941

2) 1942

3) 1943

4) 1944

5) 1945

6) 1940

3. Below is a list of events. All of them, with the exception of two, occurred during the Great Patriotic War.

1) crossing the Dnieper

2) the battle of Lake Khasan

3) assault on the Mannerheim line

4) Operation "Concert"

5) Battle of Smolensk

6) assault on the Seelow Heights

Find and write down the serial numbers of events belonging to another historical period.

4. Write the missing concept (term).

The government program by the United States of America for the supply of equipment, weapons, ammunition, strategic raw materials, food to allied countries, including the USSR, during the Second World War is called _______________

5. Establish a correspondence between the events and the historical figures who participated in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

PERSONALITY

EVENTS

A) V.G. Klochkov

B) N.F.Gastello

B) Ya.F. Pavlov

D) A.N. Saburov

1) Defense of Stalingrad

2) Battle of Moscow

3) defense of Sevastopol

4) air ram

5) blockade of Leningrad

6) partisan movement

6. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “At 6 o’clock on June 23, the troops of the 4th Army launched a counterattack to the enemy from the Zhabinka area. The Germans did not expect this at all and were driven back several kilometers on a number of sectors of the front. But half an hour later, many enemy planes appeared above our troops. Ju-88 dive bombers literally hung over the battle formations of the 14th Mechanized Corps.

Under aviation cover, Guderian's group went on the offensive. And then, at the Kamenets – Zhabinka – Radvanichi line, a fierce oncoming battle unfolded. Almost all the tanks and aircraft intended for operations in the Brest direction were drawn into it from both our and the German sides. From Colonel Bogdanov's observation post, the battle of our two tank regiments with a huge number of enemy tanks and the accompanying artillery was clearly visible. Against the first echelon of the 30th Panzer

Divisions deployed two fascist tank divisions, the 17th and 18th. The battlefield was dotted from end to end with flaming combat vehicles... Several prisoners were captured... These were the first prisoners taken in the zone of our army. ...This battle resulted in a kind of tank duel with an undoubted advantage on the enemy’s side. The Germans had more tanks, and their aviation supported them better. We only had light ones here... T-26

with 15 mm frontal armor and 45 mm guns. German tank divisions included a significant number of new T-4 vehicles with 30 mm frontal armor and armed with 75 mm guns.<...>

And yet the 30th Panzer Division fought stubbornly, its people behaved heroically, and the enemy suffered heavy losses.”

B) “What a difference, gentlemen, now, in the 27th month of the war, a difference that I especially notice, having spent several months of this time abroad. We are now facing new difficulties, and these difficulties are no less complex and serious, no less profound, than those we faced last spring. The government needed heroic means to combat the general breakdown of the national economy. We ourselves are the same as before. We are the same in the 27th month of the war,

what they were like on the 10th and what they were like on the first. We remain committed to total victory, we remain willing to make the necessary sacrifices, and we still want to maintain national unity. But I will say openly: there is a difference in position. We have lost faith that this power can lead us to victory... (voices: “That’s right”), because in relation to this power, both the attempts at correction and the attempts at improvement that we made here did not turn out to be successful.

When you wait a whole year for Romania to perform, you insist on this action, and at the decisive moment you have neither troops nor the ability to quickly transport them along the only narrow-gauge road, and thus you once again miss the favorable moment to strike

a decisive blow in the Balkans - what would you call it: stupidity or treason? (voices on the left: “It’s the same thing”). When, contrary to our repeated insistence (...) the matter is deliberately delayed, and an attempt

to resolve an intelligent and honest minister, even at the last minute, the issue in a favorable sense ends with the departure of this minister and a new postponement, and our enemy finally takes advantage of our delay - then is this: stupidity or treason? (voices from the left: “Treason”). Choose any. The consequences are the same."

CHARACTERISTICS

1) In the passage we're talking about about the war that claimed more than 20 million lives of our fellow citizens.

2) The passage talks about a war from which Russia left early, violating its obligations to its allies.

3) The passage talks about the war, the result of which was the annexation of Crimea.

4) The passage talks about the war, as a result of which Russia was prohibited from having a fleet in the Black Sea.

5) The passage talks about the war during which the “Big Three” were formed.

6) The passage talks about the war, during which power and the form of government changed in Russia.

Fragment A

Fragment B

7. Which of the following applies to the events of the Great Patriotic War? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) operation "Bagration"

2) Manchurian operation

3) the tragedy of Pearl Harbor

4) Iasi-Kishinev operation

5) Potsdam Conference

6) East Pomeranian operation

8. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a blank, select the number of the required element.

A) The purpose of Operation ____________ was to destroy enemy troops surrounded in Stalingrad.

B) The commander of one of the largest partisan formations in enemy-occupied Ukraine was ____________ ____________, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

B) On the northern front of the Kursk Bulge, the Germans, having failed to achieve success on July 5 near Olkhovatka, suffered a blow in the direction of the village of ____________, but even here they advanced only 10 to 12 km.

Missing elements:

1) "Uranus"

2) Prokhorovka

3) S. A. Kovpak

4) "Ring"

5) Ponyri

6) P. M. Masherov

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

9. Establish a correspondence between dates and events associated with them

a) April 16, 1945 1. Raising the Red Banner of Victory over the Reichstag

b) April 25, 1945 2. Complete capture of Berlin by Soviet troops

c) April 30, 1945 3. Beginning of the Berlin operation

d) May 2, 1945 4. The beginning of the anti-fascist uprising in Prague

5. Meeting of Soviet and Anglo-American troops on the Elbe

6. Signing of the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

10. Read the passage from the memoirs and identify the battle in question.

“Having gone through all possible options, we decided to propose to I.V. Stalin the following plan of action: first, to continue to wear down the enemy with active defense, second, to begin preparing counter-offensives in order to inflict on the enemy... such a blow that dramatically changed the strategic situation in the south in our benefit...

When assessing the enemy, we proceeded from the fact that Nazi Germany was no longer able to fulfill its 1942 strategic plan. The forces and means that Germany had by the fall of 1942 will not be enough to complete the tasks either in the North Caucasus or in the Don and Volga region...

The General Staff, based on data from the fronts, studied the strengths and weaknesses of the German, Hungarian, Italian and Romanian troops. The satellite troops, compared to the German ones, were worse armed, less experienced, and insufficiently combat-ready even in defense. And most importantly, their soldiers and many officers did not want to die for other people’s interests on the distant fields of Russia...

The enemy's position was further aggravated by the fact that... he had very few troops in the operational reserve, no more than six divisions, and even those were scattered on a wide front... The operational configuration of the entire enemy front also favored us: our troops occupied an enveloping position..."

11. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the information provided in the list below. For each lettered cell, select the number of the desired element.

Event

date

Participant(s)

Offensive Operation Overlord

_________ (A)

D. Eisenhower, B. Montgomery

Battle of Stalingrad

_________ (B)

___________ (IN)

______________ (G)

August–December 1943

G. K. Zhukov, K. K. Rokossovsky, I. S. Konev

Battle for Moscow

__________ (D)

____________ (E)

Missing elements:

1) M. A. Egorov, M. V. Kantaria

2) September 1941 – April 1942

3) Ya. F. Pavlov

4) Battle of Kursk

5) battle for the Dnieper

8) I. V. Panfilov

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

12. Read an excerpt from the book by V. Afanasenko “56th Army in the Battles for Rostov. The first victory of the Red Army. October-December 1941"

For the first time since the beginning of the war, Soviet troops stopped the enemy's advance, liberated a major industrial and transport center and pushed the Wehrmacht back 60-80 km. For the first time, the enemy retreated, losing people and military equipment, and then went on the defensive along the entire front...December 5, the day the Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive near Moscow, I.V. Stalin received congratulations from British Prime Minister W. Churchill, who wrote: “Let me take this opportunity to tell you with what admiration the entire British people follow the staunch defense of Leningrad and Moscow by the brave Russian armies and how happy we are all about your brilliant victory in Rostov-on-Don.” (But they stopped talking about the victory at Rostov speak) under the influence of subsequent tragic events, and above all due to the second surrender of Rostov-on-Don in July 1942, which caused the famous order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 227, which contained bitter reproaches: “ Part of the troops of the Southern Front, following the alarmists, left Rostov and Novocherkassk without serious resistance and without orders from Moscow, covering their banners with shame ... " Unfortunately, mention of the liberation of Rostov-on-Don in November 1941 has become irrelevant. Only in 1983 Rostov-on-Don was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and only in 2008 it became the City of Military Glory.

Using the passage and your knowledge of history, choose three true statements from the list given.

Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

After the battles near this city, Soviet guard units were formed.

At the end of November - beginning of December 1941, the enemy retreated for the first time, losing both people and equipment, and a large Soviet city was liberated for the first time.

The success of the Red Army near Rostov-on-Don was recognized as a serious success by the allies of the USSR.

The victory near Rostov became one of the symbols of the success of Soviet weapons during the war of 1941-1945.

13.

Look at the diagram and complete the task

Write the name of the military plan shown on the map.

14. Look at the diagram and complete the task

Write the name of the city indicated on the diagram by the number “4”.

15. Look at the diagram and complete the task

Write the number that represents the city for which Operation Typhoon was designed to capture.

16. Look at the diagram and complete the task

Which judgments related to the events indicated on the map are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The map refers to the initial stage of the war.

2) Germany planned to end the war by the end of the summer of 1942.

3) To repel the aggression indicated on the map, the Council of Labor and Defense was created.

4) The leader of the country at that time was I.V. Stalin.

5) The battle of Smolensk became an important stage in the disruption of the fascist “blitzkrieg” strategy.

6) The advance of German troops was stopped along the entire front line in the winter of 1941.

17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

CULTURAL MONUMENTS

CHARACTERISTICS

A) “Warrior-Liberator”

B) “Vasily Terkin”

B) “Two fighters”

D) "Mother Motherland"

1) The author of this creation is the poet A.T. Tvardovsky.

2) This Soviet film is dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War.

3) This monument is located in Berlin.

4) This work is dedicated to the events of the final stage of the war.

5) The main roles in this film were played by N. Kryuchkov and P. Aleinikov.

6) This monument is the second in the sculptural triptych of E. Vuchetich.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

18. Look at the image and complete the task

Which judgments about this cartoon are correct? Choose two judgments from the five proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) This cartoon was created in the first half of the 1930s.

2) At the moment when the event to which the cartoon is dedicated occurred, the USSR was at war with Finland.

3) The cartoon was created in the USSR and published in print in the same year when the event to which it is dedicated occurred.

4) The cartoon is dedicated to the violation of an international treaty by one of the countries.

5) The event to which the cartoon is dedicated meant the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

19. Which of the listed objects were built during the years of the leadership of the USSR by the political figure depicted in the caricature. In your answer, write down the two numbers under which they are indicated.

20. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the German general G. Guderian and briefly answer questions 20-22. Answers involve the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge from the history course of the relevant period.

“The offensive began on July 5 with a maneuver long known to the Russians from numerous previous operations, and therefore guessed by them in advance. Hitler... wanted to destroy the Russian positions advanced in an arc with a double envelopment... and thereby seize the initiative on the Eastern Front again into his own hands.

From July 10 to 15, I visited both advancing fronts... and learned on the spot in conversations with tank commanders the course of events, the shortcomings of our tactical techniques in offensive battles and the negative aspects of our equipment. My fears about the lack of preparedness of the Panther tanks for combat operations at the front were confirmed. 90 Porsche Tiger tanks... also showed that they do not meet the requirements of close combat; these tanks, as it turned out, were not even sufficiently supplied with ammunition. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that they did not have machine guns... They were unable to either destroy or suppress the enemy's infantry firing points and machine-gun nests to allow their infantry to advance... Having advanced about 10 km, Model's troops were stopped. True, there was greater success in the south, but it was not sufficient to block the Russian arc or reduce resistance. On July 15, the Russian counterattack on Orel began... On August 4, the city had to be abandoned. On the same day Belgorod fell...

As a result of the failure of the offensive……………. we suffered a decisive defeat. The armored forces, replenished with such great difficulty, were put out of action for a long time due to large losses in men and equipment... It goes without saying that the Russians hastened to take advantage of their success. And there were no more calm days on the Eastern Front. The initiative has completely passed to the enemy.”

What events during the Great Patriotic War are discussed in the memoirs of Heinz Guderian? In what year did they take place?

21. What was the name of the operation of the German command, which is mentioned in the memoirs? Name at least two tasks that the German command set for its troops during this operation?

22. Based on the text and your own knowledge from the history course, explain why historians call the events of the described multi-day battle “the completion of a fundamental turning point” in the course of the war. Please provide at least two reasons.

23. In the memories of many contemporaries about the Great Patriotic War, the Battle of Moscow occupies a special place. So, when Marshal G.K. Zhukov was asked what event of the last war he remembered most, he always answered: “The Battle of Moscow.” Guess what explains the special significance of the Battle of Moscow in the history of the Great Patriotic War (give at least three assumptions).

24. In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory, points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science:

"The signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany and a secret protocol to it was a diplomatic success for the USSR."

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it.

Write your answer in the following form.

Arguments in support:

1) …

2) …

Arguments to refute:

1) …

2) …

25. You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

1) 1941-1942;

2) 1942-1943;

3) 1944-1945

The essay must:

- indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;

- name two historical figures whose activities are connected with these events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in Russian history;

- indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Using knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. During the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms and concepts related to this topic.

  Realizing the inevitability of a military clash with Nazi Germany, the USSR was preparing for war. The share of military expenditures in the country's budget increased from 5.4% during the first five-year plan to 43.4% in 1941. New weapons systems were created (T-34 tank, Katyusha rocket launchers, etc.). The army was being rearmed. A law on universal conscription was adopted, the size of the army was increased to 5 million people. Production discipline was tightened: the length of the working day was increased, punishment for being late to work and absenteeism was toughened, the unjustified departure of workers and employees from enterprises without the permission of management was prohibited, and the production of low-quality products was equated with sabotage. On October 2, 1940, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On State Labor Reserves” was adopted, according to which, in order to provide labor for industrial enterprises, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR received the right to “annually conscript (mobilize) from 800 thousand to 1 million urban and collective farm youth males at the age of 14–15 years for training in vocational and railway schools and at the age of 16–17 years for training in factory training schools. ...All graduates of vocational schools, railway schools and factory training schools are considered mobilized and are required to work for four years in a row at state enterprises at the direction of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, providing them with a salary at the place of work on a general basis.”
  By the summer of 1941, it was not possible to complete preparations for war. Related to this are Stalin’s demands not to succumb to provocations and the TASS statement of June 14, 1941 about the groundlessness of rumors about a possible war between the USSR and Germany.
  On June 22, 1941, without declaring war, Nazi Germany attacked the USSR.
 Measures to organize resistance to fascist aggression:
  - Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces “On martial law” June 22, 1941;
  - transformation of border military districts into fronts;
  - carrying out the mobilization of those liable for military service;
  - creation on June 23, 1941 of the Headquarters of the High Command headed by S.K. Timoshenko, from July 10 the Headquarters of the Supreme Command, from August 8 the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command headed by I.V. Stalin;
  - creation on June 30, 1941 of the State Defense Committee (GKO) headed by I.V. Stalin;
  - a program was adopted to mobilize all forces to fight the enemy and transform the country into a single military camp on June 29, 1941;
  - martial law was introduced;
  - the evacuation of industrial enterprises and the population to the east of the country was organized;
  - the partisan movement was organized - on July 18, 1941, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops”; on May 30, 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created, headed by P.K. Ponomarenko.
 The reasons for the failures of the Red Army in initial stage wars:
  - miscalculations of the country's leadership in determining the timing of the start of the war;
  - delay in bringing troops to combat readiness;
  - an erroneous military doctrine, which provided for the conduct of military operations only on enemy territory after the defeat of the aggressor in border battles;
  - dismantling of defensive fortifications on the old western border (“Stalin Line”), on the new border a defense line (“Molotov Line”) has just begun to be created;
  - the rearmament of the army has not been completed;
  - repressions among army command staff on the eve of the war.

 The main battles of the Great Patriotic War

 On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War
  The years of war were marked by mass heroism of the country's citizens. The garrison of the Brest Fortress fought for almost a month against superior enemy forces. The last defender of the fortress died in April 1942. Border guards under the command of Lieutenant A.V. Lopatin fought for eleven days while surrounded. In the first days of the war, pilots A.S. Maslov and N.F. Gastello made “fire rams”, sending their planes shot down in battle at accumulations of enemy equipment. On the night of August 7, 1941, V.V. Talalikhin made his first ramming attack in a night air battle, shooting down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow. The exploits of the sabotage detachment fighter Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya, executed by the occupiers in November 1941, private A. M. Matrosov, who covered the embrasure of an enemy pillbox with his body in February 1943, underground fighter E. I. Chaikina and many others became nationally known.
  One of the manifestations of mass patriotism of citizens of the USSR was the formation of the people's militia, which included over 4 million people who were not subject to conscription for military service.
  During the Great Patriotic War, more than 11 thousand people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 104 people became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union. Commander G.K. Zhukov, fighter pilots I.N. Kozhedub and A.P. Pokryshkin - three times Heroes of the Soviet Union.
  The highest military order "Victory" was awarded to 11 Soviet military leaders: G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.V. Stalin, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, R.Ya. Malinovsky, F.I. Tolbukhin, L. A. Govorov, S. K. Timoshenko, A. I. Antonov and K. A. Meretskov. Marshals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky and Generalissimo I.V. Stalin - twice.
  More than 7 million people were awarded orders and medals.
 "Rear to front." Soviet economy during the war
  From the first days of the war, the transition of industry to the production of military products began. The working day was increased to 11 hours, mandatory overtime was introduced, labor holidays were abolished, and the mandatory minimum workday for collective farmers was increased. The place of those who went to the front was taken by women, teenagers, and old people.
  About 42% of the population lived in the occupied regions of the USSR, 47% of the cultivated areas were located, a third of industrial products were produced, over 40% of electricity was produced, and 63% of coal was mined. From the first days of the war, the evacuation of enterprises to the eastern regions of the country was organized. By the end of 1941, 2,500 industrial enterprises and more than 10 million people were evacuated. It took time to organize the work of evacuated enterprises. The decline in industrial production was stopped by the beginning of 1942. By mid-1942, all evacuated enterprises were put into operation. In record time, the effective work of everything was organized National economy in emergency military conditions, which made it possible to provide the Red Army with everything necessary and became one of the factors in achieving a radical turning point during the war.
 Resistance movement in occupied territory
  A call to organize a fight in the rear of the Nazi troops was made in the “Directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to party and Soviet organizations in front-line regions” dated June 29, 1941: “In areas occupied by the enemy, create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight units enemy army, to incite guerrilla warfare everywhere and everywhere... In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities.” On July 18, 1941, a special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops.”
  Partisan detachments and underground groups are launching an active struggle against the invaders. By the fall of 1952, about 6 thousand partisan detachments were operating, including large partisan formations of S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov, P. P. Vershigora, A. F. Fedorov and others. At the end of 1941–1942 gg. in Belarus, Leningrad, Smolensk and Oryol regions Several so-called partisan regions arose - areas liberated from the occupiers and completely controlled by the partisans.
  Since the summer of 1943, large partisan formations, in agreement with the command of the Red Army, carried out operations in areas of the offensive of Soviet troops (“Rail War”, “Concert”).
  During the Great Patriotic War, a anti-Hitler coalition. On June 22, 1941, British Prime Minister W. Churchill announced support for the struggle of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany, and on June 24, US President F. Roosevelt. On July 12, 1941, an agreement was signed between the USSR and Great Britain on joint actions in the war against Germany. In August 1941, the United States and Great Britain signed the Atlantic Charter on the principles of cooperation during the war. In September, the Soviet Union joined the Charter. On January 1, 1942, 26 states signed the Declaration of the United Nations, which officially formalized the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. In June 1944, the Allies began military operations in France, opening the Second Front.

 Allied Conferences

Moscow September 29 - October 1, 1941	A tripartite agreement was signed - a supply protocol. The United States and England pledged to send the Soviet Union monthly 400 aircraft, 500 tanks, vehicles, aluminum and some other types of military materials. American representative Harriman, on behalf of the United States and England, confirmed “the receipt from the Soviet government of large supplies of Soviet raw materials, which will significantly help the production of weapons in our countries.”
Tehran November 28 - December 1, 1943	- A declaration on joint actions in the war against Germany was adopted; - A decision was made to open a second front in France during May 1944; - In order to reduce the duration of the war by Far East The USSR declared the USSR's readiness to enter the war against Japan after the end of hostilities in Europe: a preliminary agreement was reached on the establishment of the post-war borders of Poland; - The “Declaration on Iran” was adopted, in which the participants declared “their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran”
Dumbarton Oaks 21 August – 28 September 1944	- Prepared proposals that formed the basis of the UN Charter
Crimean (Yalta) February 4–11, 1945	- Plans for the defeat and unconditional surrender of Germany were agreed upon; - A unified policy regarding the post-war statute of Germany was agreed upon; - Decisions were made on the creation of occupation zones in Germany, a pan-German control body and the collection of reprisals; - The basic principles of the agreed policy of the allies regarding the organization of lasting peace and the system of international security are outlined; - A decision was made to convene a Founding Conference to develop the UN Charter; - The issue of the eastern borders of Poland has been resolved; - The USSR confirmed its readiness to enter the war against Japan 3 months after the surrender of Germany; - The “Declaration of a Liberated Europe” was adopted, which expressed the will of the Allied powers to pursue a coordinated policy of assistance to the peoples of Europe; - Agreement reached on the establishment of a permanent mechanism for consultation between the foreign ministers of the three great powers
San Francisco April 26 – June 26, 1945	- The UN Charter was signed; - The International Court of Justice was established, which is the main judicial body of the UN
Berlin (Potsdam) July 17 – August 2, 1945	- The main problems of the post-war world order were discussed; - The goals of the occupation of Germany are defined as 4 Ds - its denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decartelization; - The goal of preserving the unity of Germany was proclaimed; - The eastern borders of Germany along the Oder-Neisse line have been determined; - An International Military Tribunal was created to try the main Nazi criminals; - A decision was made to transfer East Prussia with its capital Königsberg to the Soviet Union; - The size of reparations has been determined; - The USSR confirmed its readiness to go to war with Japan

 Results of the war:
  - defeat of fascism;
  - strengthening the international authority of the USSR;
  - expansion of the territory of the USSR;
  - conditions have been created for the creation of a world socialist system;
 Victory price:
  - huge human losses - about 27 million people;
  - 1,710 cities, more than 70,000 villages, 31,000 industrial enterprises, 13,000 bridges, 65,000 km of railway tracks were destroyed. According to experts, direct damage amounted to about 678 billion rubles - 30% of national wealth;
  - a decline in the standard of living of the population; during military operations on the territory of the state, 40,000 medical institutions, 43,000 libraries and 84,000 various educational institutions were destroyed.

USSR in the post-war period 1945–1953.

  The main task in economy there was restoration and development of the national economy. In March 1946, the IV five-year plan for 1946–1950 was adopted. The task has been set not only to restore, but also to significantly exceed the pre-war level of production. The main emphasis was on the development of heavy industry. Industry was transferred to the production of civilian products.
  The pre-war level of industrial production was reached in 1948. During the Five-Year Plan, 6,200 new industrial enterprises were restored and built.
  IN agriculture Destroyed collective farms, state farms and MTS were restored. Collectivization was carried out in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, in the Baltic republics. The drought of 1946 led to famine.
  In December 1947, a monetary reform was carried out and the card distribution system was abolished. Banknotes changed in the ratio of 10 old to 1 new, while keeping wages and prices unchanged.
 In the social sphere:
  - compulsory extracurricular activities have been cancelled;
  - vacations restored;
  - payment of compensation for unused leave during the war began;
  - share reduced wages issued by government bonds.
 Political system in the post-war period:
  - strengthening the personal power of J.V. Stalin;
  - holding elections to Councils at all levels;
  - transformation in 1946 of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin);
  - new round political repression- “Leningrad case”, Shakhurin-Novikov case, “doctors’ case”, “Mingrelian case”, “case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee”.
 Science and culture in the post-war period:
  - restoration of the material and technical base of science and culture destroyed during the war;
  - completion of the transition to universal seven-year education;
  - holding discussions on philosophy, linguistics and political economy;
  - development of research in nuclear physics;
  - strengthening ideological control over culture;
  - the defeat of genetics, declared a non-Marxist science, at the session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948;
  - resolutions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1946–1948. on issues of literature and art - “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””, “On the repertoire of drama theaters and means to improve it”, “On the film” Big life"", "About the opera "Great Friendship" by V. Muradeli", "About decadent moods in Soviet music";
  - persecution of cultural figures - film directors L. D. Lukov, S. I. Yutkevich, A. P. Dovzhenko, V. I. Pudovkin were accused of “lack of ideas” and “apoliticality”, S. M. Eisenstein was criticized for the second series of the film "Ivan groznyj";
  - closure of the “Historical Journal”;
  - campaign against cosmopolitanism.
 Foreign policy in the post-war period. After the defeat of fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, in the context of the growing influence of the USSR on international affairs, relations between the former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition of the USSR, on the one hand, and the leading Western powers, on the other, worsened. Ideological contradictions come to the fore. The Cold War begins. The Soviet leadership is talking about the possibility of World War III. Plans for war against the Soviet Union are indeed being drawn up. In May 1945, W. Churchill was presented with a plan for a war with the USSR, which was supposed to begin in the summer of 1945. The American “Dropshot” plan provided for the start of the war in 1949 and the atomic bombing of 100 Soviet cities. The testing of an atomic bomb in the USSR in 1949 fundamentally changed the international situation.
 Main foreign policy events:
  - formation of the UN (1945);
  - communist parties coming to power in Eastern European countries with the support of the USSR;
  - formation of the People's Republic of China (1949);
  - division of the world into two opposing systems - capitalism and socialism;
  - Fulton speech by W. Churchill (1946), the beginning of the Cold War;
  - creation of Cominform (Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties, 1947);
  - rupture of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia;
  - creation of NATO (1949);
  - creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA);
  - Korean War (1950–1953)