Complex sentences are all about them. Complex conjunction sentences

Complex sentences with different types communications- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple proposals , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections.

To understand the meaning of such complex constructions, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two or several parts (blocks), connected using coordinating conjunctions or without unions; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.

For example:

1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).

This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).

This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating conjunction and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.

A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.

These include:

1) composition and submission.

For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).

(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

2) composition and non-union communication.

For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: the turtle doves were murmuring nearby, the cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).

(But - coordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

3) subordination and non-union connection.

For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).

(When - subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.

For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they began to bloom only recently, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.

(And is a coordinating conjunction, so is a subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side.

For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.

(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication

In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.

As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.

For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].

Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.

For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)

At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.

For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)

[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of ​​an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.

For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is my own garden](Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.

Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. However, at the same time, sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby stand out and require special attention.

In such cases, a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow. then, yes, but(in this case the subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.

For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.

You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.

I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).

5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Create a proposal outline.

SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION

[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided

All sentences are divided into simple and complex.
Simple sentence, as we have already said, contains one grammatical basis. All of the above classifications are created for simple sentences. For example: Private owners make up about a third of entrepreneurship.
Difficult sentence contains two or more grammatical bases, that is, it consists of two or more simple sentences. For example: Politicians, who have secured support of a significant part of the population, boldly are coming for the elections.
Complex sentences may include simple sentences that are different in structure and composition.
Complex sentences, in turn, have a complex classification.

1. Compound sentence
It consists of several simple, equal in meaning, independent sentences connected by coordinating conjunctions. For example: A strong wind blew through the window, and documents flew across the room.
Coordinating conjunctions:
- connective: AND, YES (= AND), NEITHER... NOR, AS... SO AND;
- adversatives: A, BUT, YES (= BUT), HOWEVER, THE SAME, THEN, AND THAT, NOT THAT;
- dividing: OR, EITHER, EITHER... EITHER, THAT... THAT, NOT THAT... NOT THAT;
- connecting: YES, YES AND, ALSO, ALSO;
- explanatory: THAT IS, NAMELY;
- gradational: NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO, NOT THAT... BUT.

2. Complex sentence
It consists of several simple sentences, one of which is the main one, and the rest are dependent on the main one, i.e. subordinate clauses (you can ask a question to them from the main one). They are connected with each other by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. For example: Every crooked nail thinks (what?) that a real nail must be crooked(V. Shwebel).
Subordinating conjunctions:
- temporary: WHEN, HOW ONLY, BETWEEN, WHILE, JUST, JUST, etc.;
- causal: BECAUSE, FROM THAT, SO AS, THANKING THE FACT THAT, etc.;
- target: SO THAT, SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, SO THAT, etc.;
- consequences: SO WHAT, etc.;
- conditional: IF, IF, WHEN, HOW SOON, etc.;
- concessive: AT LEAST, AT LEAST, LET, DESPITE THAT, etc.;
- comparative: AS, AS, AS, AS, AS, AS, AS, AS, AS, EXACTLY, etc.;
- explanatory: WHAT, SO.
Conjunctive words differ from conjunctions in that they are interrogative-relative pronouns and are members of a sentence, in contrast to conjunctions that connect, but are not members of a sentence.
Thus, subordinate clauses are divided into temporal, spatial, attributive, explanatory, etc. For example: The greatest influence on humanity came from books that almost no one read; We are not perfect because we do not know how to resist temptations; Where the road turned, he looked back.
Subordinate clauses can come before the main clause, after it, or in the middle. Parts of a complex sentence are always separated by commas and other marks (see section: “Punctuation”).

A complex sentence can have several subordinate clauses. Then there are three types of submission:
1. sequential subordination - one in which one subordinate clause is subordinated to another according to the principle of links in one chain. For example: Makar knew (what?) that the severe frost does not joke with people (what?) who are lost in the taiga.

2. homogeneous subordination - one in which several subordinate clauses depend on one main one. For example: We realized (what?) that we were mistaken, (realized what?) and that products for sale must be ordered in bulk.

3. combined submission – one in which both of these methods are present. For example: I read to such an extent (to what extent?) that I did not immediately understand (what?) who came, (what?) who was ringing the doorbell.

3. Non-union proposal
This is such a complex sentence in which its parts are connected only in meaning without participation additional words. For example: The wind swayed the branches, the leaves rained down; Business - time, fun - hour; If you hurry, you will make people laugh and etc.

4. With different types of communication
In such a complex sentence it is possible to combine allied and non-union parts. For example: Some entrepreneurs have certain superstitions: some, for example, do not make deals when the sun has not yet risen, while others always carry a talisman with them.

Using Conjunctions

When using conjunctions, you need to take into account not only their meaning, but also their stylistic coloring.
- Unions used in colloquial speech: YES, YES AND, EITHER, NOT THAT, NOT THAT, ONCE, etc. For example: No, I haven’t seen him, and you can’t see him.
- Conjunctions used in book speech: THANKING THAT, IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT, IN CONNECTION WITH THE FACT THAT, SO THAT, etc. For example: He got there on time thanks to taking your car.
- Conjunctions that are colloquial or obsolete in nature: IF, KABA, KOLI, DOKOL, etc.
The use of conjunctions YET and UNTIL is different.
The conjunction WHILE is used in the meaning of the conjunction “WHEN”: While he crawled, the cannons continued to fire at the battery.
The conjunction WHILE is used in the meaning of the conjunction “BEFORE”: I changed my job many times until I found the right one.
The conjunction UNTIL is not used to indicate that the action of the subordinate clause occurs as a result of what is said in the main clause: And they talked until the father brought the samovar(Wed until father brought the samovar).

Errors in complex sentences

1. Structure displacement
Sometimes the main sentence is “interrupted” by the subordinate clause inside it, for example: The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the ideological side of the issue. Wed: The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the ideological side of the issue. The essence of the error is that the main predicate becomes similar to the subordinate predicate and ceases to be consistent with the subject to which it refers.
It may also be that the main clause “interrupts” the subordinate clause if it is inside the latter: But these quotes are unknown where the author borrowed them from (instead of: It is unknown where the author borrowed these quotes from).

2. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words
a) The use of a conjunction or allied word that is inappropriate for the given context: It was possible to agree only with those provisions of the report that did not contain any internal contradictions(need: in which), etc.
b) Statement of a series of unambiguous conjunctions: The conditions for further growth of livestock farming exist, however nevertheless a turning point has not yet occurred.
c) Use of a conjunction after an introductory word: The speaker presented arguments that seem to What have already been used somewhere.
d) An error may be the unsuccessful use of a comparative word: Indicate the shortest distance that separates both points.
e) The particle should not be repeated in subordinate clauses in which the predicate is expressed in the form of a conditional mood: If would proposals from the Western powers were would accepted, nothing has changed would, unless there was would a commission for inventory of weapons was created.
f) A mistake is cluttering a complex sentence with the same conjunctions or allied words with the sequential subordination of subordinate clauses: The commission refused to accept the object for construction whom the necessary funds were released, which were largely misused.

3. Wrong word order
In a sentence with a subordinate qualifying clause, incorrect order creates ambiguity: Students had an internship in one of the plant’s workshops, which was recently reconstructed(it is not clear whether the workshop or the plant as a whole was reconstructed).

4. Mixing direct and indirect speech
This error lies in the fact that the subordinate clause forming indirect speech retains elements of direct speech (forms of personal pronouns and verbs): The author of the project rashly remarked to the reviewer that how can you not notice the new things that I put into it.

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that contains at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally.

For example: Ahead of us, a brown, clayey bank descended steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.

Simple sentences within a complex sentence do not have intonation and semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.

Difficult sentence is closely related to the simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.

Therefore, determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.

The structural difference is obvious: a complex sentence is a grammatically formed combination of sentences (parts), somehow adapted to each other, whereas a simple sentence is a unit functioning outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonation interconnectedness, as well as interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the volume of messages they convey.

A simple unextended sentence reports one single situation.

For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; It's getting dark; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.

Difficult sentence reports about several situations and the relationships between them or (a specific case) about one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the speaker.

For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I'm afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.

Thus, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formalized combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and the relationships between them.

Depending on the way simple sentences are connected as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means connections: conjunctions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).

Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.

In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, or, then... then etc. Parts of a complex sentence are semantically equivalent, as a rule.

In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions what, so, how, if, since, although etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where etc., which express different meanings dependencies: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.

As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses (or, what is the same, the main and subordinate parts) are distinguished.

Subordinate clause the part of a complex sentence that contains a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive pronominal word is called; The main sentence is that part of a complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or correlated).

In schemes of non-conjunctive and complex sentences, simple sentences are indicated by the sign square brackets, the main clause in a complex sentence is also indicated, while subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. Diagrams indicate means of communication and punctuation marks.

For example:

1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three longboats were visible in the distance.

, . – non-union complex sentence (BSP).

2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped away.

AND . – complex sentence (CSS).

3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to reap rye.

, (What...). – complex sentence (SPP).

A special group of complex sentences consists of sentences with different types of connections.

For example: Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard.(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and subordination.

The scheme of this sentence: , (which...), and , (which...).

Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.

Main Differences boil down to the following.

In a complex sentence, a sharp line cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be formalized by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.

Composition And subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of detecting the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (essay) conveys these relations in a less dismembered form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.

So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessional, cause- or conditional-effect relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of conjunctions although, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be formalized by the same connecting conjunction and.

For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and it was light, the winter dream was blown away, and spring began to hum in the forest(Block); Winter is like a magnificent funeral. Leave your home outside, Add some currants to the twilight, Douse with wine - that’s kutya(Parsnip); We didn’t bother with the child - and he doesn’t know music(V. Meyerhold).

Similarly, adversative conjunctions A And But can formalize concessionary relations: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he's a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm may cool, and then everything is lost(Aksakov); investigative: I know you are saying all this in irritation, and therefore I am not angry with you(Chekhov); comparative: You should laugh until you drop at my antics, and you are on guard(Chekhov).

When prompted, disjunctive conjunctions can formalize a conditional meaning, within the framework of a subordinating connection, expressed by the conjunction if (not)... then: You get married or I'll curse you(Fluff.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give her a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relationships expressed, composition and the subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, close interaction is revealed between them.

2)The coordinating connection in a complex sentence is independent ; in a simple sentence it is associated with the expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purposes of expanding and complicating the message; in a complex sentence, composition is one of two types of syntactic connections that organize such a sentence itself.

3) Composition and subordination relate differently to non-unionism.

The essay is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of composition, compared with the possibilities of subordination, are weaker, and from this point of view, composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.

An essay is both a syntactic and a lexical method of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.

Further specification and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union - based on the general semantics of the connected sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are assumed by the relationships between types, tense forms and inclinations.

Thus, the conditional consequential meaning in sentences with the conjunction And is revealed more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily, perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense in the second: Experience consistency in good deeds, and then just call the person virtuous(Griboyedov, correspondence).

If coordinating conjunctions are easily and naturally combined with lexical means of communication, forming unstable conjunctions with them ( and so, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore and, and therefore, and means, and therefore, therefore and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relationships between sentences.

4) At the same time the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less clear than in the phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences as part of a complex remains outside the revealing capabilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.

So, for example, in complex sentences with the conjunction When, if there is a message about emotional reactions or states in the main sentence, elements of causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force against the background of the actual temporary meaning: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] I am worried and offended by rudeness, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, soft enough, kind enough(Chekhov); The native, ocher-painted train station appeared. My heart sank sweetly when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).

If the content of the subordinate clause is assessed from the point of view of necessity or desirability, the temporary meaning is complicated by the target one: Sweet things like this are said when they want to justify their indifference(Chekhov). In other cases, with an alliance When comparative values ​​are found ( No one has ever gotten up when I was completely ready. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is there when he’s just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).

The third type of connection in a complex sentence is often distinguished non-union connection .

However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relations between non-conjunct sentences (conditional) are expressed by a completely definite relationship of predicate forms ( If I didn’t invite him, he would be offended; If a true friend had been nearby, the trouble would not have happened), non-union is not a grammatical connection.

Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union is impossible, although in semantic terms a very definite correlation is established between different types of non-union, complex and complex sentences.

So, for example, by the nature of the relations, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor within the other ( I hear someone knocking somewhere), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, from the point of view of certain accompanying circumstances ( What snow there was, I was walking!, i.e. (when I was walking)). The relationships that develop between sentences in the absence of a conjunction can receive ungrammatical expression with the help of certain, to varying degrees, specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which are also used as auxiliary means in complex sentences of conjunctive types, especially complex ones.

The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex sentence do not have intonation, and often substantive (informative) completeness; Such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.

As part of a complex sentence, the modal characteristics of the combined sentences undergo significant changes:

firstly, here the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which relates to the plane of reality or unreality the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole;

secondly, in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, conjunctions (primarily subordinating ones) can take an active part, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;

thirdly, and finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings, which are very often contained in the conjunctions themselves and in their analogues, is revealed.

A feature of sentences that are part of a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. Mutual adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex sentence can manifest itself in the order of words, mutual restrictions on types, forms of tense and mood, and in restrictions on the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has special means to indicate this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of complex sentences.

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that contains at least two predicative parts, combined into one whole in meaning and intonation. The sun is rising. and the shadows fall, the rose hips open their petals, and the heads of the plants tremble, and sprouts make their way towards the sun.

Parts of a complex sentence can be combined

• intonation: The stars gradually disappeared, the reddish stripe in the east became wider, the white foam of the waves was covered with a delicate pink tint.
• coordinating conjunctions: The March sun was shining brightly, and hot rays fell on the table through the window panes.
• subordinating conjunctions: I always believed that freedom stronger than fear of death .

Conjunctive complex sentences according to the nature of the conjunctions are divided into compound (SSP) and complex (SPP).

Complex sentences

A complex sentence, the parts of which are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions, is called complex(SSP). The red crescent was already moving over the hill, and the clouds that guarded him lay like dark spots near the stars.

Between parts of the BSC there may be different semantic relations :

• temporary(sequence or simultaneity of events): Summer is coming and life is changing;
• adversative: Dusk was falling, but there were no lights anywhere;
• dividing(alternation, mutual exclusion): Calm down, or things will get worse. Either the rustle of an ear of corn, the flutter of the breeze, or a warm hand stroking your hair;
• cause-and-effect: There were no tickets at the box office and we had to cancel the trip;
• connecting: It was a cold, clear day outside, and her heart was also light..

Parts of complex sentences with connecting relations cannot be called equal. The second (attached) part of the sentence represents an additional message that complements the thought expressed in the first part. Connective meaning is conveyed using conjunctions yes and, also, and, (and) moreover, (and) at the same time. The water was warm, but not spoiled, and besides, there was a lot of it .

Complex sentences

Complex sentence(SPP) is a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are connected by a subordinating connection using subordinating conjunctions or allied words. This is good, when life leaves room for dreams .

In a complex sentence, one part is main , and the other - subordinate clause: Through the window I saw how big gray bird sat on a maple branch in the garden. I saw What? like a bird landed.

The subordinate clause can explain the entire main sentence as a whole or one of its members. When the artist opened the portrait, I involuntarily laughed with joy. I laughed When? when the artist opened the portrait.

In a complex sentence there may be not one, but several subordinate clauses connected by a subordinating connection to the main clause.

Based on the nature of the relationship between subordinate clauses and the main clause, they distinguish three types complex sentences with several subordinate clauses:

1. SPP with homogeneous subordination. She knew, that the girls look warily at the closed door of the room, how connected they feel. She knew What? what girls look and feel...

1. SPP with heterogeneous subordination. When we got up it was impossible to understand, what time is it now . It was impossible to understand When? when we got up. It was impossible to understand What? what time is it now.

1. SPP with consistent submission. You should have seen how the birch tree flashed in the sun, when its rays broke through, sliding and dappled, through a dense network of thin branches... See What? how the birch tree flashed When? when its rays broke through.

Types of subordinate clauses

Attention! the type of subordinate clause cannot be determined only by the nature of the conjunction or allied word, since the same conjunction can attach subordinate clauses different types. For example, union When can attach subordinate clauses, conditions, attributive and explanatory; union Bye- subordinate clauses and conditions; union What- explanatory and defining.

Complex sentences
with adverbial clauses

Adverbial clauses refer to predicate verbs or adverbial clauses in the main clause. They specify the purpose, time, place, reason, etc. actions and are divided into the following types:

Examples:

Fyodor Ivanovich acted so generously ( How? how? in what degree?), as no one expected.
Birds flew there ( Where?), where their homeland was.
They stopped there for the night ( Where?), where they could not be reached by a poacher's bullet or a predatory animal.
The door was wide open ( When?), when Anna ran into the yard.
She was looking for her son until then ( How long?) until I found it.
We returned home before dark ( no matter what?), although we will be allowed to stay fishing until the morning.
We never pulled out the catfish ( no matter what? in spite of what?), no matter how hard they tried.

Lesson summary “Complex sentence”. Next topic:

Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. And He came.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.

A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main clause (with or without dependent words). There are one-part sentences:

• Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
• Generalized-personal: Easily you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
• Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
• Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
• Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
• Nominal: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
• Incomplete sentence is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, as indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.
  

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and/or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:

• Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent grammatically, connected in meaning and through coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... and etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
• Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, so that, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
• Non-union proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.