Symptoms of neurological diseases. Neurology

Neurology(“neuron” – nerve and “logos” – science, teaching) - a field of medicine that deals with the occurrence of diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system, studies the mechanisms of their development, symptoms, develops methods for their treatment and diagnosis, as well as methods of prevention.

The nervous system in its structure and organization is one of the most complex systems of the human body. The functioning of the body as a whole depends on its health and general condition.

The nervous system is divided into:

central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord;
peripheral nervous system - nerves, nerve trunks and roots, nerve plexuses and nodes, as well as nerve endings. The peripheral nervous system solves problems of interaction between the brain and executive organs (glands, muscles) and sensory organs.

A specialist who treats and diagnoses pathologies of the nerves, brain and cerebrospinal fluid is called a neurologist. His competence includes various neurological diseases: sleep disorders, headaches and migraines, back pain, insomnia.

Neurological diseases: causes and symptoms

Diseases of the nervous system can arise from a number of reasons. These include stressful situations, irregular daily routine, sedentary lifestyle, and prolonged nervous tension. All this leads to sleep disturbances, constant headaches, and chronic fatigue. Diseases of the nervous system are manifested by imbalance when walking and impaired coordination of movements, difficulty in spatial orientation, memory loss, all kinds of seizures, weakness and even paralysis.

The symptoms of neurological diseases are very diverse. They often manifest themselves as disruptions in the functioning of other body systems. That is why an examination by a neurologist is a lengthy procedure that requires attention on the part of the doctor and patience on the part of the patient. The specialist needs to find out and take into account a lot of factors: body temperature and blood pressure level, the condition of the abdominal organs and lymph nodes, as well as the condition of the teeth, ears, and nasopharynx, as they can be possible sources of infection.

Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) include: epilepsy and strokes, syringomyelia and multiple sclerosis, many degenerative processes (including widespread Alzheimer's disease), malformations, tumors, infections, and injuries.

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system include: neuralgia, neuropathy, myasthenia gravis, radiculopathy (damage to the nerve roots) and some muscle diseases (sometimes hereditary).

The course of a disease of the nervous system can become protracted, which sometimes leads to persistent functional defects, the consequence of which, in turn, is complete loss of ability to work or its limitation. Only a qualified specialist is able to recognize neurological diseases at any stage and prescribe the correct and effective treatment.

Neurology and related fields of medicine in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system

There are many diseases that neurology deals with in conjunction with other areas of medicine. So, for example, neurology deals with the treatment of injuries, tumors and herniated intervertebral discs together with neurosurgery; dementia, neuroses, hysteria, sleep disorders - with psychiatry; diseases of the joints and spine - with rheumatology and orthopedics; hearing loss and dizziness - with otolaryngology; urinary disorders - with urology; antiphospholipid syndrome - with obstetrics; muscle diseases and diabetic polyneuropathy - with endocrinology.

Modern neurology: diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system

Modern neurology has achieved enormous success not only in the development of progressive treatment regimens, but also in the creation of advanced diagnostic techniques. Today, neurologists have at their disposal such diagnostic methods as magnetic resonance and x-ray tomography, modern laboratory techniques, and ultrasound diagnostics. They make it possible to detect diseases of the nervous system early stages and make an accurate diagnosis, which, in turn, makes it possible to carry out effective treatment.

Modern neurology is one of the most dynamically developing areas of theoretical and applied medical science. Traditional ideas about the mechanisms of many diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system have today undergone great changes thanks to advances in biochemistry, genetics, neurobiology, and functional diagnostics. Pharmacology (modern drugs) and surgery (improving the technology of angiosurgical and neurosurgical operations) also made their contribution. Now severe neurological diseases, previously considered incurable, can be successfully overcome if you promptly consult a qualified neurologist.

Treatment with immunomodulatory drugs and stem cells has become not only promising, but also fashionable areas of neurology. Minimally invasive (minimal invasion of the body) neurosurgical treatment methods are becoming widespread for many neurological syndromes and diseases; stereotactic radiosurgery is popular.

Restorative neurology, built on great rehabilitation potential and based on the concept of plasticity of the nervous system, is developing at a rapid pace. The combination of new developments with classical methods (gymnastics, massage, reflexology, physiotherapy) makes it possible to achieve full neurological rehabilitation of patients, that is, to return the quality of life to the previous level and completely restore lost performance even after spinal injuries and strokes, as well as with neuromuscular diseases. disorders and cerebral palsy.

Neurology on Medznayka

Materials from the medical portal “Medznayka” will help you learn to focus on the alarming symptoms of neurological diseases, introduce you to methods of prevention and treatment of diseases of the central nervous system, and tell you about the latest achievements of neurology. A healthy human nervous system is the key to a full life, productive work and good mood.

is a group of pathologies and conditions of the body associated with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. The scale of diseases included in the concept of neurological is simply amazing.

Most of us have repeatedly heard about diseases such as meningitis, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, stroke, sciatica, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis - a small part of the diseases of the nervous system. Their diversity and depth of impact is amazing. Behind every name there is a joyless life and pain. Terrible diagnoses indicate the main thing: our nervous system is very vulnerable.

Vulnerability of nerves

If the nerves are vulnerable, then signals, movements, speech, memory, emotions simply become insignificant, since the nervous system does not function correctly. In other words, neurology is the process of human destruction. Moreover, the range of destruction is large. For example, tremor jerks muscles regardless of a person’s will, and chorea makes one grimace and hit objects in the way. But essentially this is all neuroscience.

The cerebral cortex, under the attack of neurological ailments, splashes out indignation in the form of similar consequences. The causes of neurological diseases have not yet been identified, and treatment is long, complex and not always effective.

In medicine they are divided into two groups:

Extrapyramidal diseases.
Pyramidal diseases.

Let's take a closer look at these groups.

Extrapyramidal diseases

The extrapyramidal system is a special structure of the brain. It includes: the basal ganglia, the optic thalamus, the internal capsule, and the subtubercular region. Under the control of this system, a person’s balance, posture, muscle tension and involuntary movements. When muscle tone changes, twitching, immobility, or, conversely, greater activity may appear.

The spectrum of brain diseases is very wide. The extrapyramidal system is responsible for whole line things that seem familiar to us: walking, waving our arms, running, precise movements, emotional manifestations.

If you imagine the extrapyramidal system figuratively as a scale with a slider, then you can simply understand that as long as the slider is in the center, harmony is maintained. If the slider deviates in a certain direction, then hyperkinesia (increased number of involuntary movements) or hypokinesia (decreased motor activity) occurs.

One of the most common disorders of the extrapyramidal system is Parkenson's disease.

Pyramidal diseases

The pyramidal system is responsible for muscle tone, reflexes and coordination of movements. Betz's pyramidal cells, located in the paracentral cortex, are responsible for reflex movements. At the moment of passage, motor impulses may not reach the target at all due to violations of the integrity of the cortical-muscular pathway.

The consequence of such disorders can be paralysis. Paralysis and paresis manifest themselves in different ways: they can affect one limb (monoplegia, monoparesis), or two on one side (hemiparesis, hemiplegia), or symmetrically on different sides (paraplegia, paraparesis), and it is also possible that four limbs are affected at once (tetraparesis, tetraplegyl).

Paralysis is also divided into types:

Central;

Peripheral.

Central paralysis appears when the lesion is limited to a diffuse spread. Peripheral paralysis affects peripheral neurons.

Some neurological diseases combine lesions of the extrapyramidal and pyramidal systems. A typical representative of such a combination is Binswanger's disease.

The nervous system is a very subtle formation. It is simply impossible to foresee in advance how it will react to certain influences. There is simply no consensus on the causes of neurological diseases. However, it is customary to highlight the following reasons:

This list is far from definitive. Research into the causes of neurological diseases is conducted annually. The following reasons are currently being investigated:

low immunity;
climatic features;
ecology;
nutritional features.

Some diseases have gender characteristics, that is, some diseases affect men more often, while others affect women.

General symptoms

Naturally, each neurological disease has its own characteristics, but there are common (similar symptoms): headaches, speech disturbances, sleep disturbances, depression, pain in the lower back, chest, neck, muscles of the legs and arms, asthenia, convulsions, numbness, tremor , tingling, dizziness, increased fatigue, tinnitus, urinary and fecal incontinence, fainting.

Treatment of neurological diseases is a complex, lengthy process. It is simply impossible to completely get rid of the symptoms; maintenance medicine is needed almost throughout your life. But this is not a death sentence, but a lot of work by the doctors, the patient, and the patient’s relatives.

The essence of the problem

Neurological diseases are pathologies of the peripheral and central nervous system. As a result of these diseases, the spinal cord or brain, as well as all nerve nodes, endings and plexuses related to these organs, are affected. A neurologist is involved in diagnosing and treating these ailments. Neurological diseases are divided into pyramidal and extrapyramidal. The first relate to systems that are responsible for muscle tone, muscle reflex and coordination. The second affects the system that is responsible for muscle tension, balance and posture.

There are diseases that reduce the functionality of the brain, and the patient may experience problems with speech, memory, or perception of the surrounding reality. Therefore, it is important to visit a neurologist as early as possible so that he can establish the correct diagnosis and begin treatment quickly, before the lesions reach critical proportions.

Causes of neurological diseases

Neurological processes can be either congenital or acquired. Congenital defects of the fetus can develop as a result of unfavorable conditions during intrauterine development - oxygen deficiency, exposure to radiation, infectious diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy, poisoning, threat of miscarriage, blood conflict and others. If immediately after birth, the baby is injured or infectious diseases, for example, meningitis or birth trauma, this can also lead to the development of neurological disorders.

Acquired neurological syndrome is associated with infections that affect any part of the nervous system. The infectious process provokes various diseases (meningitis, brain abscess, ganglioneuritis and others). Special mention must be made about diseases of the nervous system that arise as a result of injuries - traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and so on. In addition, neurological diseases can develop as a result of vascular changes, which in most cases are observed in old age - strokes, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, and so on. If metabolic changes occur, then Parkinson's disease develops.

Unfortunately, neurological diseases associated with tumors are still common. Since the space inside the skull or spinal canal is limited, even benign formations can cause diseases of the nervous system. In addition, complete removal of a brain tumor (both brain and spinal) remains difficult, which leads to frequent relapses of the disease.

So, to summarize, we can identify the following causes of diseases in the neurology profile:

infectious agents that enter the human body through the blood, or are transmitted from the mother to the fetus;
injuries;
hypoxia;
high or low body temperature;
poisoning with toxic substances;
radiation, exposure to electric current;
metabolic disorders;
hormonal disorders;
heredity;
genetic pathologies;
tumors;
influence of medications.

Types of neurological diseases

The list of diseases is quite large; it is impossible to list in one article all the ailments that neurology deals with, but diseases are divided into the following groups:

Vascular diseases. These are very serious and dangerous diseases that are quite widespread among patients in the older age group. As a rule, such violations result in either disability or death.
Chronic pathologies. Such diseases usually arise as a result of defects in the development of nervous tissue, severe intoxication or metabolic disorders. This group of ailments includes disease, Alzheimer’s, sclerosis and others. Such pathologies are characterized by gradual progression of the disease, which leads to persistent impairment and disability.
Hereditary pathologies. Down's disease, cerebral palsy, and others are associated with either a chromosomal or genomic abnormality, in which case the disability is present from birth.
Pathologies resulting from injuries.
Pathologies resulting from an infectious lesion.
Pathologies caused by tumors.
Diseases of the peripheral nervous system. These are very common nervous diseases that can be independent or develop due to an underlying disease.
Pathological processes in the autonomic nervous system.

It must be said that the female sex is more susceptible to neurological diseases. Hormonal changes, prolonged and frequent stressful conditions, overwork and other factors negatively affect the psycho-physical state of a person. In women, neurological diseases most often manifest themselves in the form of VSD, migraines, hysteria, and nervous exhaustion. Women more often suffer from neuralgia, and it can be not only intercostal neuralgia, but its other types. Quite often, such conditions occur during pregnancy, after childbirth, and during menopause.

Many diseases of the nervous system can be prevented if you promptly seek help from a doctor, find out the diagnosis and take the correct treatment.

Symptoms of nervous diseases

Of course, each neurological disease has its own characteristic symptoms, but there are also similar signs that are observed in almost all neuralgic ailments.

In addition to focal symptoms (speech impairment, paralysis, etc.), which makes it possible to find out exactly where the pathological change occurred, there is also a category of signs called general cerebral signs. They are not tied to any type of pathology, and represent specific “lights” of most neurological processes. These include:

dizziness accompanied by headaches;
vomit;
disturbance or confusion;
decreased vision and pain in the eyes;
migraine-type headaches.

There are illnesses that have specific symptoms - for example, with epilepsy the patient has seizures, and with Parkinson's disease - mental motor disorders.

Clinical recommendations (in neurology) are for timely diagnosis. However, unfortunately, even with high-quality and early treatment, many neurological processes can be extremely severe and lead to irreversible consequences.

Diagnosis of neurological diseases

How are diseases dealt with by neurology diagnosed: the symptoms of a disease are already very important information for a doctor, however, functional diagnostics in neurology and other areas of medicine is impossible without instrumental methods. Sometimes one examination method is enough to make a diagnosis, but in most cases a complex is needed:

MRI. This is one of the most informative methods, and it is considered minimally invasive and safe (since ionizing radiation is not used in diagnosis). MRI allows you to take a series of images of the brain, and these are a series of high-quality images.
CT. In this case, a series of layer-by-layer images is also created, however, CT uses x-rays, but the dose of rays is small and does not cause harm. CT scans can be done with a contrast agent, which gives a clearer image and visualizes fine details.
Ultrasound Doppler. A non-invasive diagnostic method that does not violate the integrity of the skin and does not use ionizing radiation. Ultrasound waves are reflected from the vascular walls and captured by special sensors. This provides complete information about the blood vessels of the brain, the presence or absence of spasms or blood clots, and much more.
Doppler. Using Doppler ultrasound, you can also obtain information about the vessels, as well as find out the speed of blood flow in them.
Angiography. This is a study of large vessels of the head and brain with a contrast agent. The method is mainly used for early diagnosis of tumors, aneurysms, hematomas, vasoconstriction and hemorrhages.
Electroneuromyography. This is electrical stimulation of muscles and peripheral nerves, which allows you to examine different areas of the brain.
Rheoencephalography. This is also electrical stimulation of muscles and nerves, which can determine the tone of blood vessels in the brain, as well as monitor how much the vessels are filled with blood. Do not think that electrical stimulation of muscles and nerve fibers is something dangerous. Electrical muscle stimulation is a highly informative, but absolutely safe and non-invasive procedure.

Treatment of neurological diseases

Since the list of nervous diseases is very large, the general principles of treatment will be discussed below. The procedure for providing medical care includes the following activities:

Non-drug - acupuncture, manual therapy, massage, alternative methods of treatment. This treatment is prescribed for uncomplicated ailments, thus treating Lasegue’s symptom, childhood diseases, intercostal neuralgia and others.
Drug methods are used in most cases - nervous diseases in children and all other neurological conditions.
Physical methods – sets of exercises and physiotherapy. As a rule, intercostal neuralgia, Lasegue's symptom, is treated in this way; in addition, such treatment is prescribed as an auxiliary therapy for almost all nervous diseases. Lasegue's symptom is a tension of the sciatic nerve roots due to pinching of the nerve fiber. There is also such a thing as a false Lasegue symptom, in which case the pain is not associated with compression of the nerve endings.
Surgical methods.

The most common diseases in neurology:

Intercostal neuralgia. The main symptom of this disease is pain in the chest area. It can be local or surrounding. The spasm in the chest area can last from a few seconds to a couple of minutes. The intensity of the pain varies; in addition, it can radiate to the shoulder blade, to the abdominal cavity or to the heart area. Intercostal neuralgia can be infectious, in which case a rash appears in the chest area. To differentiate the disease from other diseases, the patient is given a chest x-ray and, if necessary, a chest CT scan. Treatment of intercostal neuralgia is complex, it consists of anti-inflammatory therapy, pain relief. If the disease is infectious in nature, then antiviral drugs are indicated, and if there is muscular-tonic syndrome, then muscle relaxants are prescribed.
Legas's symptom. This is a sign of radiculitis or neuritis of the sciatic nerve. A characteristic symptom is pain when raising a straight leg at an angle of 60 degrees. As the disease progresses, Legas' symptom manifests itself as pain when raising the leg 45 and then 30 degrees. Based on the Lages symptom, doctors assess the condition of the spinal nerves and diagnose the disease. This could be a pinched sciatic nerve, an inflammatory process, radiculitis, osteochondrosis, neuritis, or infectious processes in the spinal cord.

According to the existing order of the Minister of Health and Social Development on the procedure for providing medical care patients with neurological diseases, doctors should refer the patient to a specialized medical institution where he will receive the necessary treatment. The procedure for providing medical care also consists in the fact that if there is a need for this, the patient is assigned a disability, with all the ensuing benefits. Emergency conditions in neurology are treated in accordance with all the rules available for this, and upon completion of treatment for serious diseases that have irreversible consequences, the patient may also be assigned a disability.

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List of neurological diseases

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS(motor neuron disease) - steadily progressing spastic-atrophic paresis of the limbs and boulevard disorders caused by selective damage to both neurons of the cortico-muscular pathway.

HEPATOCEREBRAL DYSTROPHY(hepatolenticular degeneration) is a hereditary disease that usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 35 years and is characterized by impaired protein synthesis and copper metabolism, progressive damage to the subcortical ganglia and liver.

HYDROCEPHALUS- increase in the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity.

HEADACHE(cephalalgia, migraine) is one of the most common symptoms of various diseases. Localized from the level of the orbits to the suboccipital region. In a broad sense, this concept also includes facial pain. Anatomical formations that are most often associated with the development of headaches are the vessels of the arterial circle of the cerebrum, the venous sinuses, the basal parts of the dura mater, the V, IX, X cranial nerves and the three upper cervical roots; All tissues of the scalp are rich in pain receptors.

DIZZINESS- the patient feels the rotation of himself or the objects around him, or the feeling of falling through, falling, or the instability of the floor disappearing from under his feet. Such systemic vertigo is characteristic of damage to vestibular receptors, the vestibular nerve or its nuclei in the brain stem. As a rule, systemic dizziness is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, increased sweating, changes in heart rate, and fluctuations in blood pressure.

CEREBRAL PALSY(cerebral palsy) - a group of diseases of newborns; manifests itself as non-progressive movement disorders.

DIENZEPHAL(HYPOTHALAMIC) SYNDROME- a complex of disorders that occurs when the hypothalamic region of the interstitial brain is damaged. It manifests itself as vegetative, endocrine, metabolic and trophic disorders, most clearly expressed in the form of symptomatic complexes of diabetes insipidus, inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, cachexia, adiposogenital dystrophy and lactorrhea-amenorrhea.

COMA- unconsciousness caused by dysfunction of the brain stem.

MYASTHENIAS- a chronic, often remitting neuromuscular disease, the main manifestation of which is pathological fatigue of the striated muscles.

MIGRAINE NEURALGIA(“bundle” headache) - paroxysms of severe pain in the temporo-orbital region, repeated several times during the day.

MIGRAINE (HEMICRANIA)- paroxysmal pain in one half of the head, accompanied by vomiting.

MYELOPATHY- a collective concept to designate various chronic lesions of the spinal cord due to pathological processes localized primarily outside it.

MYOTONIA CONGENITAL ( THOMSEN'S DISEASE) is a rare hereditary disease characterized by prolonged tonic muscle spasms that occur after initial voluntary movements.

MYOTONIA DYSTROPHIC - a hereditary disease characterized by a combination of myopathy and myotonia.
MONONEUROPATHIES(neuritis and neuralgia) - isolated lesions of individual nerve trunks.
NARCOLEPSIA- paroxysms of irresistible drowsiness with the development of dependence on the external situation.
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA. The disease is polyetiological; pathogenesis unknown.
FACIAL NERVE NEUROPATHY. Etiology, pathogenesis: Otitis media, fracture of the temporal bone, tumor of the cerebellar pons angle; idiopathic form ( Bell's palsy) is associated with hypothermia. Mechanical compression in secondary forms, edema and ischemia in cases of Bell's palsy.
NEURORHEUMATISM- rheumatic damage to the nervous system. Only minor chorea and embolism of cerebral vessels in mitral disease are of practical importance, since rheumatic cerebral vasculitis is one of the rarest causes of damage to cerebral vessels.
BRAIN TUMORS. Depending on the histological structure, brain tumors are divided into gliomas(60% of all brain tumors), meningiomas, neuromas cranial nerves (mainly VII. pair), metastatic, congenital and other tumors. In relation to the substance of the brain, tumors can be intracerebral (mainly gliomas) and extracerebral (meningiomas, neuromas), by location - hemispheric, intra- or parasellar and subtentorial (tumors of the posterior cranial fossa). Brain metastases most often occur when carcinomas lung, breast, gastrointestinal tract and thyroid gland, less often metastasize to the brain sarcoma, melanoblastoma. Most brain tumors in children occur in the cerebellum (medulloblastoma, astrocytoma).
SPINAL CORD TUMORS make up 15% of all CNS tumors. Extra- and intramedullary tumors are distinguished. Extramedullary tumors can be located under the dura mater and above it. Extradural tumors, as a rule, malignant (metastases). Among subdural tumors, 70% are extramedullary and 30% intramedullary. The most common subdural extramedullary tumors are neuromas(30%) and meningiomas(25%). The typical picture of an extramedullary tumor consists of three stages: the stage of radicular pain, the stage of partial compression of the spinal cord (often in the form of Brown-Séquard syndrome) and the stage of complete transverse compression of the spinal cord. Following radicular pain at the tumor level (most often such pain is observed with neuromas and metastatic tumors), para- or tetraparesis, loss of sensitivity and pelvic disorders gradually increase. Intramedullary tumors - most often gliomas; Ependymomas are not uncommon in the area of the conus and cauda equina. Unlike extramedullary tumors, in which sensory and motor impairments increase from bottom to top, intramedullary tumors are characterized by the development of spinal symptoms from top to bottom.
OPHTHALMOPLEGIA- paralysis of the eye muscles due to damage to the oculomotor nerves.
PARKINSONISM, Parkinson's disease- a chronic disease caused by impaired metabolism of catechslamins in the subcortical ganglia and manifested by akinesia, tremor and muscle rigidity.
PERIODIC FAMILY PARALYSIS(paroxysmal familial myoplegia) is a hereditary disease characterized by sudden onset of transient attacks of flaccid paralysis of the limbs.
PERONEAL AMIOTROPHY CHARCOTT - MARIE- a hereditary disease manifested by slowly progressive atrophy and weakness of the distal parts of the legs.
HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY(hepatocerebral syndrome) is a complex of neurological and mental disorders that occurs in patients with chronic liver diseases with portocaval anastomosis.
PLEXOPATHIES(plexitis) - damage to the nerve plexuses (cervical, brachial and lumbosacral). The most common lesion is the brachial plexus.
POLYNEUROPATHY(polyneuritis) - simultaneous damage to many peripheral nerves, manifested by symmetrical flaccid paralysis and sensory disorders mainly in the distal extremities, with damage in some cases to the cranial nerves.
POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY ACUTE, DEMYELINATING, Guillain-Barré disease. Selective demyelination of the spinal cord roots, apparently of an autoimmune nature.
POST PUNCTION SYNDROME- headache and symptoms of meningism that occur after lumbar puncture.
PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, Duchenne dystrophy- essential progressive degeneration of muscle tissue, occurring outside of any damage to the nervous system and leading to severe atrophy and weakness of certain muscle groups.
DISCOGENIC RADICULOPATHY(radiculitis) - pain, motor and autonomic disorders caused by damage to the spinal cord roots due to spinal osteochondrosis.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS- relapsing-remitting disease of the nervous system, caused by the occurrence of demyelination foci scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord; one of the most common organic diseases of the central nervous system.
SYRINGOMYELIA- a chronic disease characterized by the formation of cavities in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata with the development of extensive areas of loss of pain and temperature sensitivity.
SPINAL AMIOTROPHY- a group of hereditary chronic diseases characterized by progressive atrophic paresis caused by damage to the anterior horns of the spinal cord.
TREMOR- involuntary rhythmic movements of the limbs, head, tongue and other parts of the body, resulting from alternate contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles.
PHACOMATOSES- a group of hereditary diseases in which damage to the nervous system is combined with cutaneous or chorioretinal angiomatosis.
FUNICULAR MYELOSIS(combined sclerosis) - subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord with damage to the posterior and lateral cords. The cause of the disease (is a deficiency of vitamin B12. It is observed with pernicious anemia and some other blood diseases, sometimes with vitamin deficiency, intoxication, hypokalemia of renal origin, portacaval anastomosis.
CHOREA- hyperkinesis, characterized by scattered random twitching of the muscles of the limbs (especially the upper ones), trunk and face. Patients are fussy, restless, constantly grimace, often hurt themselves on surrounding objects, and have difficulty and do not hold a given position for long.
CRANIO BRAIN INJURY. Mechanical trauma to the skull causes compression (transient or permanent) of the brain tissue, tension and displacement of its layers, and a transient sharp increase. Displacement of the brain matter may be accompanied by rupture of brain tissue and blood vessels, and brain contusion. Usually these mechanical disorders are complemented by complex discirculatory and biochemical changes in the brain.
ADIE SYNDROME- a special form of damage to the innervation of the pupil (internal ophthalmoplegia) in the form of unilateral mydriasis with loss of pupillary response to light and pupillotonia.

Many people suffer from increased irritability, involuntary fatigue and systematic pain. This is the first sign of a neurological disease.
A neurological disease is a disorder of the nervous system that is chronic. Most often, people who have suffered serious physical or spiritual herbs are prone to them.

Less commonly, the disease is hereditary. In this case, it may appear after one or even several generations. Neurological disorders should be distinguished into:

children's;
adults

congenital;
acquired.

Before describing neurological symptoms, it is necessary to distinguish between the two concepts of syndrome and disease. Neurological diseases are accompanied by various syndromes.

The difference between a syndrome and a disease

The syndrome is a collection of similar symptoms. The concept of syndrome is otherwise called symptom complex.

Disease is a broader and more capacious concept. Neurological diseases are a general set of manifestations, syndromes and individual diseases of the nervous system. The disease can be accompanied by several syndromes. Neurological diseases are divided into 2 groups. The former affect the central nervous system, the latter – the peripheral.

Neurological symptoms

A symptom is a manifestation of a disease. Neurological diseases have similar symptoms, so making a diagnosis yourself is not advisable. A neurological disease can be identified by the following symptoms:

Migraine,
Nervous tic
Speech and thinking disorders
Absent-mindedness,
Impotence,
Grinding of teeth
Muscle and joint pain,
Constant fatigue
Pain in the lumbar region,
Fainting,
Noise in ears,
Cramps,
Numbness of the limbs,
Sleep problems.

These symptoms indicate that the person has a neurological disease.

Neurological syndromes

Neurological syndromology is heterogeneous. Divide by large groups she can't. It is possible to give a description of the current complexes of syndromes that most often appear in people.

Manic-depressive psychosis (manifests itself in systematically occurring depressive and manic phases, separated by light intervals).
Psychosis (disorder in the perception of reality, abnormality, strangeness in human behavior).
Chronic fatigue syndrome (characterized by prolonged fatigue that does not go away even after a long rest.
Narcolepsy (sleep disorder).
Oligophrenia (mental retardation).
Epilepsy (repeated seizures, accompanied by switching off or changes in consciousness, muscle contractions, disturbances of sensory, emotional and autonomic functions).
Deep stun.
Coma (switching off consciousness, accompanied by switching off conditioned and unconditioned reflexes).
Disorders of consciousness (fainting).
Sudden loss of consciousness, spatial disorientation, amnesia, partial memory loss.
Speech impairment.
Dysarthria (articulation disorder).
Dementia.
Pathological weight loss (anorexia, bulimia).
Decreased/loss of sense of smell.
Hallucinations.
Eye movement disorders and pupillary changes.
Paralysis and other changes in the facial muscles.
Pathological auditory phenomena.
Vestibular dizziness and imbalance.

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Full human life depends largely on the health of the brain and nervous system. Therefore, diseases that affect these parts of the body make themselves felt through obvious and sometimes severe symptoms. One of the groups of such diseases are neurological syndromes. They should be given attention, since their appearance indicates the development of rather dangerous processes that are difficult to treat.

Neurological syndrome

To understand what we are talking about, you need to understand what the syndrome is as such. This definition is used to describe a collection of symptoms that have similar presentations. This term makes the diagnosis more accurate and easier. In other words, the term "syndrome" is used to describe a group of symptoms rather than one specific one.

It should be understood that this terminology is not always suitable for describing the disease, since the latter can combine several syndromes. So, to correctly determine a patient’s condition, high qualifications and experience are often required.

Key groups

If you study the main neurological syndromes, you will notice that some of them are similar, and therefore are combined into certain categories. Actually we're talking about about the three most common groups:

Vestibular syndrome. This refers to various disorders in the functioning of the brain. The symptoms in this case are quite striking, so it is extremely difficult to confuse them with other manifestations. The main symptoms include unsteadiness and dizziness.

Neurological syndrome associated with the musculoskeletal system. This includes various types of muscle weakness and paralysis. The most common cause of a problem such as paralysis is a stroke, although polio can also lead to a similar condition.

Pain syndrome. This group can be found among patients more often than others. Symptoms in this category are characterized by severe pain. As an example, it makes sense to cite neuralgia, which causes severe pain in the back and head.

Increased intracranial pressure due to neuralgic disorders of various types.

Syndromes at an early age

Children, just like adults, are vulnerable to various diseases. For this reason, doctors have to deal with various syndromes even in the case of patients in the younger age group.

As for specific groups of symptoms, they look like this:

1. Convulsive syndrome. If a child experiences seizures, this may indicate damage to the brain tissue with irritation of certain areas of the brain. Depending on age, this neurological syndrome can manifest itself through generalized spasms of the limbs, eyes and facial muscles. It is also worth knowing that the convulsions themselves can be clonic or tonic. This means that they take over the entire body or move from one part of it to another. This condition is sometimes accompanied by difficulty breathing, passing stool and urine, or biting the tongue.

2. Impact The main cause of this condition is rapid neuropsychic exhaustion, resulting from strong physical or psychological impulses. These could be illnesses, stress, various stresses and emotions. As a result, children develop impairments in their ability to manipulate objects and conduct play activity. There also remains a risk of emotional instability. By the end of the day, symptoms may become noticeably worse.

3. Problem It appears due to an increase in intracranial pressure with a subsequent expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces of the skull due to the fact that an excessive amount of fluid accumulates in them. A similar group of symptoms can manifest itself in the form of increased head growth, bulging fontanel and hydrocephalus.

4. Hyperexcitability syndrome. This problem makes itself felt through such manifestations as sleep disturbance, emotional instability and motor restlessness. After examination, the doctor may record a further decrease in the threshold of convulsive readiness, pathological movements and an increase in reflex excitability.

Chronic fatigue syndrome: symptoms and treatment

The key symptom that indicates this disease is persistent fatigue that recurs or lasts longer than six months. Moreover, we are talking about both physical exhaustion and mental exhaustion.

Speaking about the recurrent form, it is worth noting the following fact: it can intensify so much that it will clearly dominate the accompanying symptoms. The problem here lies in the fact that this syndrome cannot be neutralized with rest, which is why the patient’s activity significantly decreases in all areas of his life.

If we talk about the symptoms of CFS in more detail, we need to highlight the following manifestations:

Muscle pain;

After physical activity, which lasts around the clock;

Swollen, painful lymph nodes, axillary and cervical especially;

Pain in the joint area, not accompanied by signs of swelling or inflammatory processes;

Impaired concentration and memory;

A sore throat;

Serious sleep disturbances;

Headache.

Chronic fatigue syndrome, the symptoms and treatment of which are of interest to many patients, is a fairly pressing problem, so doctors have enough experience to correctly diagnose and prescribe restorative measures. But in general, treatment comes down to organizing good nutrition, normalizing the daily routine, and using minerals and vitamins. You will also have to give up bad habits, as well as spending a long time near the TV. Instead, it is better to get used to evening walks in the fresh air.

Regarding the topic of complex treatment, it is worth highlighting its following components:

Normalization of exercise and rest regimes;

Carrying out fasting days and dietary therapy;

Aromatherapy and massage;

Elimination of various chronic diseases that complicate the treatment process;

Use of medications if other means cannot neutralize the neurological syndrome;

Therapeutic exercise and water procedures.

Speaking about medications, it is worth noting that for such a problem, tranquilizers, sorbents, immunomodulators are relevant, and for allergies - antihistamines.

Features of radial neuropathy

This is another form of neurological syndrome that can cause serious problems. The essence of the destructive effect in this case is that due to damage or pinching of the radial nerve, quite noticeable symptoms appear in the upper extremities. Good news The point is that such a problem does not lead to irreversible consequences. This means that all symptoms can be neutralized.

The reasons why radial neuropathy develops are quite simple. We are talking about cuts, fractures, bruises and other mechanical damage, which resulted in compression of the radial nerve. Sometimes, during an injury, the nerve itself is not affected, but the scars that subsequently form put pressure on it, and for this reason, dysfunction occurs. The appearance of this type of neuropathy can also be provoked by chronic injury to the nerve trunk, caused by its constant friction against the sharp edge of the tendon during prolonged use of the hand. Excessive pressure from crutches and tourniquets can also lead to nerve dysfunction.

The symptoms of radial neuropathy are quite obvious: the fingers of the palm cannot be bent and straightened normally, any movements of the hand, and especially the fingers, become problematic. Tension occurs in the muscles that flex the hand as the muscle fibers that extend the forearm are stretched.

When such symptoms make themselves felt, the first thing to do is to apply a splint to the forearm and hand area. To overcome this problem, predominantly conservative methods are used: taking B vitamins, paraffin baths, electrical stimulation and massage. Surgical intervention to restore the functions of the radial nerve is used extremely rarely. And of course, for a full recovery you will have to undergo a complex of exercise therapy.

Progressive sclerosing polydystrophy

This problem has another name - Alpers syndrome. The essence of this disease comes down to a deficiency of energy metabolism enzymes. Symptoms of polydystrophy appear at a very early age, usually 1-2 years.

Initially, generalized or partial seizures appear, as well as myoclonus, which is quite resistant to anticonvulsant treatment. The problems don't end there. Further, delayed physical and psychomotor development, muscle hypotonia, increased tendon reflexes, spastic paresis, as well as loss of skills that were acquired early are manifested. We should not rule out decreased hearing and vision, vomiting, lethargy, the development of hepatomegaly, jaundice and even liver failure, which without timely, competent treatment can lead to death.

On this moment A unified system for effective treatment of Alpers syndrome has not yet been developed, so doctors work step by step with each specific symptom. Needless to say, without the help of a physician, it is not possible to obtain a noticeable improvement in such brain disorders.

Shy-Drager syndrome

Under this name, unfamiliar to many, lies a rather serious problem - multiple system atrophy. This diagnosis is made if the patient has severe damage to the autonomic nervous system. In fact, we are talking about a rather rare disease that disrupts work and also causes autonomic disorders and parkinsonism.

Doctors are not yet able to compile a complete set of causes of multiple system atrophy. But they tend to believe that such cerebellar dysfunction is rooted in the patient's genetic heritage.

As for treatment, in order to effectively influence the patient’s condition, you must first make sure that you are dealing with Shy-Drager syndrome, and not with other diseases that have similar symptoms (Parkinson’s disease, etc.). The essence of treatment is to neutralize the symptoms. Doctors are not yet able to completely overcome such disorders of brain function.

The danger of Bruns syndrome

This is another group of symptoms that is directly related to neurological syndromes. The cause of this condition is occlusion of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways at the level or foramen of Magendie.

If we consider Bruns syndrome through the prism of general symptoms, the picture will be as follows: impaired breathing and pulse, vomiting, dizziness, pain in the head, loss of consciousness, ataxia, disturbances in muscle coordination and tremor.

Attention should also be paid to eye symptoms. These are transient amaurosis, strabismus, ptosis, diplopia, as well as decreased sensitivity of the cornea. In some cases, swelling of the optic nerve and its subsequent atrophy are recorded.

As a topical treatment, dehydration, ventriculopuncture, as well as various cardiac drugs (caffeine, Cordiamine, Korglykon) are used. Depending on the nature of the disease development algorithm, surgical intervention may be indicated.

Wernicke's encephalopathy

This problem in the field of neurology is quite serious. It may also be called Gaye-Wernicke syndrome. In fact, we are talking about damage to the hypothalamus and midbrain. The cause of this process can be identified as a lack of thiamine in the patient’s body. It is worth noting that this syndrome can be a consequence of alcoholism, vitamin B1 deficiency and complete physical exhaustion.

The main symptoms include confusion, irritability, loss of coordination, apathy and paralysis of the eye muscles. To obtain an accurate diagnosis, you need to consult a neurologist.

Doctors can neutralize the effects of the syndrome by administering thiamine to the patient for 5-6 days. Hypomagnesemia can be corrected if necessary by taking magnesium oxide or sulfide.

Wright syndrome

This term is used to define the combination of acroparesthesia with pain in the pectoralis minor muscle, as well as trophic disorders and pallor in the fingers and hand itself. Such sensations occur if the nerve trunks of the brachial plexus and the vessels of the axillary region are compressed. Such processes are often a consequence of maximum abduction of the shoulder and tension of the pectoralis minor muscle, which, in turn, presses on the nerves and blood vessels.

Wright's syndrome is identified by symptoms such as paleness of the fingers and hands, their numbness and signs of swelling. But the key manifestation remains pain in the pectoral muscle and shoulder. Often, with strong abduction of the shoulder, the pulse disappears in the radial artery.

The syndrome is treated only after it is differentiated from other similar diseases. Once an accurate diagnosis has been made, various physiological and therapeutic measures can be used. In some cases, surgery will be necessary.

What is worth knowing about Gerstmann syndrome?

The essence of this syndrome comes down to the combined manifestation of finger agnosia, alexia, agraphia, autotopagnosia, as well as a violation of right-left orientation. If the pathological process spreads to other parts of the cerebral cortex, hemianopia, sensory aphasia and astereogosia can make themselves known.

Gerstmann syndrome is directly related to destructive processes in the associative area of the left parietal lobe of the brain. In this state, the patient partially ceases to recognize his own body. This manifests itself as an inability to distinguish the right side from the left. People with this syndrome cannot perform simple arithmetic operations and write, although otherwise their consciousness functions normally.

Impact of alternating syndromes

This is a whole complex of destructive processes that can have a significant impact negative impact on the body. Alternating syndromes are the result of damage to the spinal cord and one half of the brain. These clusters of symptoms are sometimes triggered by traumatic brain injury or poor circulation to the spinal cord and brain.

Doctors periodically identify alternating syndromes of the following types: mixed with different localization of damage, bulbar, peduncular and pontine. With such an abundance of species, symptoms can be very different: deafness, oculomotor and pupillary disorders, acute lack of natural control, dysgenetic syndromes, obstructive hydrocephalus, etc.

Such conditions are diagnosed by determining the exact location of the lesion and its boundaries.

As for treatment, its organization largely depends on the specific group of symptoms and the results of professional diagnosis.

Results

The problem of neurological syndromes worries many people, and, unfortunately, doctors are not always able to completely neutralize the impact of the disease. For this reason, it makes sense to periodically do preventive diagnostics of the state of the brain and nervous system in order to identify possible problems at the stage of their inception.