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Motive for K-4.

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I think that this plot can be recognized as the role of Mikhail. Especially if you consider that in 1619, based on the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, the “five money” was abolished.

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Term with explanation for K-5.

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Term with explanation for K-5. Well done.

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The nobles were outraged by the luring of peasants by monasteries and boyars and the limited period of time for searching for fugitives. In 1637, the nobles submitted a petition to the Tsar demanding the abolition of school years and the introduction of a ban on monasteries, metropolitans and “Moscow strong men of all ranks” from sheltering runaway peasants. In 1639, the government partially satisfied the petition, extending the period for searching fugitives to 9 years. It took the nobles another 10 years of pressure on the government to achieve complete enslavement of the peasants. They took their cue from the Polish-Lithuanian gentry - omnipotent masters over the khlops, ready to defend their rights by any means, even up to an uprising. Even the name of the gentry uprising, “rokosh,” then passed into the Russian language. In 1641, service people “started a riot in Moscow”: they broke into the royal palace with “great noise” to submit a petition on behalf of the nobles of 44 cities. The nobles demanded that their peasants be protected from " strong people”, sheltering runaways for a limited period of time until the owners lose their rights of action. The authorities backed down slightly, establishing a 10-year search period for fugitives and 15 for those taken away by other owners. You somehow did not very clearly outline the essence of the noble position regarding the runaway peasants. I especially don’t understand why it was necessary to RESTORE SUMMER LESSONS AND THE BAN OF TRANSITION?????

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I think that the disclosure of the content of foreign policy agreements can be counted according to the K-3 criterion - as a consequence of the events of the Time of Troubles in relations with Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Score for K-3.

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VERY good about Filaret. I am pleased with the non-banality of the story, the presentation of exact facts, and the presence in the story of the terms of the era (menaion). Well done. K-2 score.

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In foreign policy history, your second PSS grows not based on the results, but on the complex of causes of the Smolensk War. Score for K-3.

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Criterion K-4 is “scattered” throughout the text of your essay. Therefore, brevity in the conclusion did not hurt.

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The period in Russian history, which lasted from 1613 to 1645, was the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. This period marks the restoration of the country after the Time of Troubles, the end of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention and refusal of Prince Vladislav from claims to the Russian throne as a result of the Russian-Polish war of 1632-1634.

The accession to the throne of 16-year-old Michael was due to several reasons. First of all, when the Zemsky Sobor convened in 1613 faced the task of choosing a new ruler, it was obvious that this ruler, in addition to meeting the wishes of the majority, had to, first of all, come from a Russian family. The experience of the Time of Troubles showed that Russia did not need foreign rulers. In accordance with this requirement, Mikhail Fedorovich, by his origin, satisfied most of the composition of the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov family was a noble boyar family, and its representatives in different time supported different rulers, so no one feared disgrace if Romanov ascended the throne. Besides, “The Tale of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613” claims that Fyodor Romanov was blessed to reign by Fyodor Ioannovich, so he was the legitimate ruler. Since Fyodor Nikitich was then in Polish captivity, his son had to ascend the throne. It was also assumed that young Mikhail would be easy to control. Thus, Mikhail Fedorovich sat on the throne, becoming the first tsar of the new Romanov dynasty, which would last in Russia until the 1917 revolution.

However, it was still difficult to talk about stabilizing life in the country. Throughout Russia there were many Cossack associations, bandits, and Polish detachments that were not subordinate to anyone. The fight against them was one of the most important tasks of the government. In 1612-1613, the Cossack ataman Zarutsky tried to revive the impostor, hiding behind the young son of Marina Mnishek. The uprising was suppressed, Zarutsky and three-year-old Ivan were killed, and Mnishek ended her life in prison. Uprisings were also suppressed in other parts of the country. The situation stabilized only by the beginning of the 20s.

The government of the new king pursued a cautious and wise policy of pacifying the country and uniting all classes. Despite the connections of many boyars, noble clerks with the “Tushino thief”, there were no disgraces with the Poles; on the contrary, many were granted lands and new ranks. However, from the very first days, the monarchy of the first Romanov began to emerge as an autocratic power. The young tsar demanded strict obedience from everyone; the boyars in their letters to him called themselves the tsar’s “slaves.”

To strengthen the authority of the new government in the first post-Trouble years, Mikhail Romanov relied on Zemsky Sobors, which met quite often to resolve important government affairs - the establishment of new taxes, issues foreign policy. So in 1619 the tsar convened the next Zemsky Sobor. His goal was to develop a number of measures to revive the country. As a result of the meetings of the Zemsky Sobor, the government first of all eased the tax burden of the population. Wartime emergency taxes were repealed: it was decided to introduce a new taxation that would correctly take into account the income of the population. The devastated counties were provided with benefits and tax breaks. Where the situation was better, higher taxes were established and benefits were reduced. The council also decided to return to state tax, i.e. among taxpayers, all the townspeople who, experiencing the need and difficulties of wartime, moved from the suburbs to the suburban, so-called white settlements, owned by large influential feudal lords and free from taxes. This increased the influx of tax funds.

However, as the tsar’s power strengthened, Zemsky Sobors began to meet less and less frequently, and in the second half of the 17th century. completely disappeared from the Russian state system.

The government sought to reassure the Cossacks, turning a blind eye to their past sins. And those who decided to honestly serve the country began to receive land plots or cash salaries.

Other reforms were also carried out. Their goal was to strengthen order and discipline in the country, to eliminate the licentiousness and permissiveness of the Time of Troubles. A decree was issued on punishment for dishonor. A decisive struggle began against drunkenness, which acquired fantastic proportions during the Time of Troubles. New decrees prohibited major cities and open drinking establishments in Gostiny Dvors.

The government saw the path to the revival of the country not only in establishing general order and easing the lot of taxpayers, but also in providing landowners, patrimonial owners, monasteries, and other church farms with working peasant hands, and the state with taxpayers both in the city and in rural areas. The provincial nobility was dissatisfied with the existing serfdom legislation and repeatedly submitted collective petitions demanding the abolition of school years. The government took such a tough measure as restoring the period for searching fugitive peasants with its gradual increase and prohibiting their transfer from one owner to another.

The constant tension inside the country was largely contributed by outside

Criteria

2 of 2 K1 Indication of events (phenomena, processes)
2 of 2 K2 Historical figures and their role in the specified events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of history
2 of 2 K3 Cause-and-effect relationships
1 of 1 K4 Assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia
1 of 1 K5 Use of historical terminology
2 of 2 K6 Presence of factual errors
1 of 1 K7 Form of presentation
TOTAL: 11 out of 11

Vera Alexandrovna Kriushina

The years 1613 – 1645 cover the period of the reign of Mikhail Romanov, which marked the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. The Zemsky Sobor elected Michael as Tsar. This happened in 1613. The event took place after the Time of Troubles, during a difficult time of ruin and impoverishment for the country. The country's economy was in a deplorable state. The existing situation in the country required important government decisions from the tsar. And in this, the young Romanov was helped by the Zemsky Sobor, which met continuously during the first ten years of the tsar’s reign. I will name the most significant, in my opinion, cases.

Firstly, in order to restore the economy and military power, it was necessary to organize the collection of funds. This problem was solved by the government introducing a new taxation system. Posad people bore the tax, that is, they paid part of their income to the treasury.
Secondly, they began to take away lands illegally seized during the Time of Troubles.
Thirdly, there was a fight against drunkenness.
Fourthly, insulting and dishonoring people was punishable by a large fine.

The result of these innovations was the established order in the country, a clear taxation system and the restoration of the economy. The historical figure, not without whose help these reforms were carried out, was Metropolitan Philaret, the father of the Tsar. After returning from Polish captivity, he was elected patriarch, received the title “Great Sovereign” and became co-ruler with his son. Filaret took the main part in all actions of the supreme power. In 1620 - 1626 he carried out a reform of church government. Filaret was prudent, wasteful, modest and simple; he gave his boots to be repaired, and ate from pewter and wooden utensils.

Another goal was to strengthen the country's military power. At the end of the 1620s, the government began to allocate part of the funds to strengthen the army. An obstacle to the development of the Russian army was the poor development of military science and technology. Therefore, it was decided to attract mercenaries from other countries to the Russian service. The main state task was to protect Moscow from the Poles, the hordes of the Crimean Khan and the Caspian nomads. For this purpose, the construction of defensive structures around the city began. The result of this reform was the strengthening of the army.

One of the important events of this period was the Smolensk War of 1632 - 1634. between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It ended with the Polyanovsky Peace, which showed that neither side had the strength for a decisive victory. Smolensk and other cities remained with the Poles, but Vladislav renounced his rights to the Russian throne. The historical figure associated with this event was the famous governor M.B. Shein, the hero of the defense of Smolensk in 1609 - 1611 and Prince Pozharsky, who did not allow Vladislav to break through to Moscow. The boyars accused Shein of treason, and he was executed. But the families of the soldiers and commanders he saved looked at it differently. 8,056 people left Smolensk with him. The accusation of treason against this determined man was long ago rejected.
Let us consider what cause-and-effect relationships exist between these events during this period. Both events, measures to restore the economy, and military restructuring with the Smolensk War were dictated by common reasons: the restoration of the country after the Time of Troubles and the strengthening of Russia’s prestige in the international arena, as well as the return of former territories. The result was the strengthening of the autocrat's power, the creation effective system management of a huge state and the removal of Poles' claims to the Russian throne.

In the period 1613 – 1645. the exploration of Siberia continues, Moskvitin's expedition to the Sea of Okhotsk, Poyarkov's expedition to the Amur region, the sending of the first embassy to China.

Mikhail Fedorovich ruled for a long time. Historians assess his reign ambiguously. On the one hand, the time of his reign was transitional, and he was a quiet, good, modest king, which Russia needed at that time. Reforms will be carried out by other tsars... On the other hand, without studying his era, one may not understand something important in the actions of his grandchildren and Peter I. But it was not historians, but the composer who glorified Mikhail in the opera “A Life for the Tsar” (Glinka) . Full scientific biography Tsar Michael was not written, which is a pity.

The period of Mikhail Romanov's reign is a bright page in the history of strengthening the state, when the basis for reforms was created by Alexei Mikhailovich.

History teacher of the MKOU "Myureginskaya Secondary School" Abidova P.G.

This period of time (1613 - 1645) marks the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. However, some historians believe that the state at this time was ruled by two sovereigns: Mikhail Romanov and his father, Patriarch Filaret (in the world Fedor Romanov).

During this period, the state was restored from the devastating consequences of the Time of Troubles, as well as its further strengthening and development. Some of the most important events that occurred in 1613 - 1645. are the adoption of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty with Sweden in 1617, the Deulin Truce with Poland in 1618, and the Smolensk War of 1632 - 1634.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne in January 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor at the age of 16.

Before the young sovereign stood important tasks, such as: overcoming discord and economic ruin, restoring public order. One of the most important areas domestic policy During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the restoration of statehood began, namely, the streamlining of the management and taxation system. To solve the first problem, local voivodeship rule was introduced; to solve the second, they began to compile new sentinel and scribe books that assigned the population to their place of residence, thus reviving the practice of “lesson years.”

In foreign policy, the main goal was the return of lands lost as a result of the Troubles. The implementation of this goal was not fully completed. Since, following the results of the Smolensk War (1632 - 1634), Smolensk remained with Poland, and also the lands conquered during successful military operations at the beginning of the war were transferred to it. However, Mikhail Fedorovich managed to return Novgorod by concluding the Stolbovo Peace Treaty with Sweden in 1617 at the beginning of his reign.

For the first 6 years of his reign, Mikhail Romanov ruled based on the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobors. But, in 1619, with the return of Father Michael, Patriarch Philaret, the so-called period of co-rule began, which lasted until Philaret’s death in 1633. The Patriarch did a lot for the spiritual development of the country - he tried to establish deanery, both in worship and in lifestyle of the clergy, pursued fist fights and folk games, distinguished by obscenity, punished for immorality and freethinking. Carrying out activities of this kind was especially important in a country where for 15 years (during the Time of Troubles) there was a moral and ethical decomposition of society.

In addition, Filaret, who had enormous life experience, “helped” his young son rule. Thus, the patriarch united secular and ecclesiastical power in his hands.

To summarize, we can say that Mikhail Romanov and Filaret laid the foundation for a new dynasty - the Romanovs, which will remain the ruling dynasty in

the next 300 years; their activities marked the beginning of the restoration of the previously destroyed country and determined the main directions of policy. A strong centralized power was established in the country, which led to the further development and strengthening of absolutism; the northwestern, southwestern, southern and eastern directions of foreign policy were continued by Alexei Mikhailovich, since actions in these directions during the period 1613-1645. did not have the desired success.

Historians speak positively about the period, which, in their opinion, was of a restorative nature, but some of them believe that the role of Mikhail Romanov would not have been so significant for the history of Russia if his father and mentor, Filaret, who actually ruled the country in for 14 years, guiding his son and promoting his own ideas.

In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that with the accession of Michael, the activity of the Zemsky Sobors intensified; his reign is called the heyday of the estate-representative monarchy. The phenomenon of the Time of Troubles, which preceded the beginning of Romanov’s reign, strengthened the idea of autocracy as a symbol of national sovereignty, conditions inner world and stability. In the future, Mikhail Fedorovich's son, Alexei Mikhailovich, will continue to promote the idea of one-man rule, which will ultimately lead to the establishment of an absolute monarchy in Russia in the 18th century.

History of Rus' Author unknown

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613–1645)

Thanks to the letters sent out by the Trinity Lavra calling for the defense of the fatherland and Orthodoxy, a large militia under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the active participation of the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kozma Minin Sukhoruky, headed towards Moscow and, after much effort, liberated the capital from the Poles and rebels. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as king; after much begging, he ascended the throne and began to pacify internal and external enemies. Mikhail concluded the Treaty of Stolbov with Sweden, and the Treaty of Deulino (1618) with Poland. According to this last treaty, after a long captivity, Filaret, the tsar's parent, was returned to Russia and was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Filaret became co-ruler and reliable adviser to his son. At the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia had already significantly recovered from the horrors of the Time of Troubles and began to enter into friendly relations with Western states.

From the book From Rurik to Paul I. History of Russia in questions and answers author Vyazemsky Yuri Pavlovich

The reign of Mikhail Romanov (1613–1645) Question 6.1 There was such a person - Andrei Kobyla. What was his role in the history of Russia? Question 6.2 From 1613 to 1619, Tsar Mikhail annually went to remote monasteries where he prayed. What did the first sovereign Romanov pray for? Question 6.3 In whose name?

From the book From Rurik to Paul I. History of Russia in questions and answers author Vyazemsky Yuri Pavlovich

The reign of Mikhail Romanov (1613–1645) Answer 6.1 From Andrei Kobyla came the Zakharyins-Koshkins and ultimately the Romanovs, the imperial dynasty. Answer 6.2 About the speedy deliverance from captivity of his father, born Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, later the “Great Sovereign and Patriarch”

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From the book Complete course of lectures on Russian history author Platonov Sergey Fedorovich

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From the book All the Rulers of Russia author Vostryshev Mikhail Ivanovich

TSAR MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH (1596–1645) Mikhail Fedorovich’s father was Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, later Patriarch Filaret, married to Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, from a humble family. Their son Mikhail was born on July 12, 1596. In 1601, Boris Godunov was tonsured a monk with the name Filaret

The second son of John IV, Fyodor, was distinguished by his illness and weak mental abilities, which is why the government of the state soon passed into the hands of the tsar’s brother-in-law, the intelligent and far-sighted boyar Boris Godunov. Having removed all his opponents by disgrace and exile, Godunov surrounded himself with devoted people and became the sovereign ruler of the state. He maintains relations with Western states, builds cities and fortifications on the borders of Rus' and established an Arkhangelsk harbor on the White Sea. According to his own thoughts, an independent all-Russian patriarchate was approved and the peasants were finally attached to the land. In 1591, Tsarevich Dmitry, the brother of the childless Tsar Fyodor and his heir, was killed, and six years later Fyodor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598–1605)

After the abdication of the throne of Tsarina Irina, the wife of Tsar Fyodor and Godunov’s sister, Boris’s adherents, at the insistence of Patriarch Job, convened a Zemsky Sobor, which elected Boris Godunov. The tsar's suspicion and fear of intrigues on the part of the boyars caused disgrace and exile, and the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was cut under the name of the monk Philaret, and his young son Mikhail was exiled to Beloozero. The boyars became embittered against Boris, and the popular disasters that befell the Muscovite kingdom - a three-year crop failure and pestilence - prompted the people to blame Tsar Boris for everything. The tsar tried to help the starving, added income from government buildings (the bell tower of Ivan the Great), distributed alms, but the people still grumbled, willingly believing rumors about the appearance of the legitimate Tsar Dmitry. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Godunov died suddenly, bequeathing his throne to his son Fedor.

False Dmitry (1605–1606)

Grigory Otrepyev, as they say, a fugitive monk supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsarevich Dmitry, who allegedly escaped from the murderers in Uglich. With several thousand people he entered Russia. The army sent to the meeting went over to the side of False Dmitry, who was recognized by them as king, and Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very developed man, distinguished by his intelligence and good nature, and worked diligently state affairs, but aroused the displeasure of the people and clergy with disrespect for old Russian customs. The boyars, having spread a rumor about the impostor tsar, led by Vasily Shuisky, formed a conspiracy and killed False Dmitry.

Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610)

The old, indecisive and inexperienced Vasily Shuisky was elected tsar by the boyars and townspeople, and his power was limited. Thanks to rumors that arose about the rescue of the murdered False Dmitry, new unrest began in Russia, which was intensified by the rebellion of the slave Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II, the “Tushino thief” in Tushino. The Polish king went to war against Moscow, and his commanders scattered the Russian troops. Then Tsar Vasily was “reduced” from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk. A troubled time of interregnum has begun in Russia.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613–1645)

Alexey Mikhailovich (1645–1676)

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was one of the best people ancient Rus'. He not only performed fasts and church rituals, but also had a church feeling. He was of a gentle and “much quiet” character; having offended someone in a short anger, he could not calm down for a long time and sought reconciliation. The tsar's closest advisers in the early years were his uncle B.I. Morozov, in the 50s Patriarch Nikon, and in the end boyar A.S. Matveev. Taxes that were unbearable for the people, the injustice of officials, echoes of the old unrest, caused a series of popular riots in different cities (Moscow, Solvychegodsk, Ustyug, Novgorod, Pskov, the riot of Razin, Bryukhovetsky, etc.) and at different times. The voluntary annexation of Little Russia to the Moscow state caused two wars between Russia and Poland. Russia was able to endure these heavy blows only thanks to the concentration of power, unity, correctness and continuity in orders. Of the internal orders under Alexander Mikhailovich, the most significant are: Cathedral Code 1649 and as a supplement to its new trade charter and new decree articles on robbery and murder and on estates. New central institutions were founded: Orders of secret affairs, grain, reitar, accounting affairs, Little Russian, monastery. Heavy classes are permanently assigned to the place of residence. In the church, Patriarch Nikon undertook the necessary reform - correcting the liturgical books, which, however, caused a schism, that is, a falling away from the Russian Church. Russian colonialists became famous in Siberia: A. Bulygin, O. Stepanov, E. Khabarov, and others. New cities appeared: Nerchinsk, Irkutsk, Selenginsk. The best people in Moscow already at that time there was a need for science and transformation. Such persons as boyars are: A. L. Ordyn-Nashchekin, A. S. Matveev, Prince V. Golitsin. After the death of Tsar Alexei, from his first marriage to Maria Milaslavskaya there were children, two sons: Fyodor and John and several daughters; from his second marriage to Natalya Naryshkina, a son, Peter, was born in 1672.

General characteristics of the 8th century

Most of this period is occupied by “turmoil in the Moscow state.” The impetus and pretext was the end of the dynasty, the real reason was the selfishness and injustice of the boyars, the ignorance of the people, who during the Tatar yoke had lost the habit of respecting the honor and property of their neighbors, the Cossacks and other “walking” people, and finally the Poles. Strong national and religious ties saved Rus', but having driven out the Poles, the Russians did not completely stop the unrest; its echoes can be seen in the riots of the time of Alexei Mikhailovich. The supreme power of the 16th–17th centuries became so strong that it did not need protection. The rights of the service class are strengthened and developed; it has taken a huge amount of land into its hands. Peasants are attached to the land for economic interests. The representative of the Russian Church, in accordance with the new order, receives the title of patriarch. The government and the patriarch are busy correcting liturgical books, into which many errors have crept in due to the ignorance and illiteracy of copyists and sometimes translators. This correction was completed under Patriarch Nikon. Many did not accept the correction and fell away from the Orthodox Church.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613–1645). Collection of ideal essays on social studies Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobor - as limiters of autocratic power

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613–1645)

Boris Godunov (1598–1605)

False Dmitry (1605–1606)

Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610)

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613–1645)

Alexey Mikhailovich (1645–1676)

General characteristics of the 8th century