Macedonia geographical location. Economic and geographical characteristics of Macedonia

Description of work

The Republic of Macedonia gained independence in September 1991. Its economy was the least developed compared to other former Yugoslav republics. In 1990-1993, a privatization program took place in Macedonia. In subsequent years, the Government of Macedonia carried out a number of reforms in the financial sector. The Republic of Macedonia maintains macroeconomic stability in an environment of low inflation, but lags in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs.

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RUSSIAN PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Economics (correspondence department)
Department of REGIONAL ECONOMICS AND GEOGRAPHY

Creative work

in ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

“Economic and geographical characteristics of Macedonia”

Completed:

Student of group EEZ-101 Student card No. 1032134192

Umarov Anvar Asrorjon coals

Supervisor

Ph.D., Associate Professor

Mironova Maria Nikolaevna

Moscow 2013

Map of Macedonia in its region and the world

The Republic of Macedonia gained independence in September 1991. Its economy was the least developed compared to other former South Oslav republics. In 1990-1993, a privatization program took place in Macedonia. In subsequent years, the Government of Macedonia carried out a number of reforms in the financial sector. The Republic of Macedonia maintains macroeconomic stability in conditions of low inflation, but lags behind in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs.
A number of factors (inability to conduct free trade with the former Yugoslav republics; embargo imposed by Greece; UN sanctions against Yugoslavia; lack of infrastructure) hampered Macedonia's economic growth until 1996. Economic growth began in Macedonia in 1996. GDP growth was observed until 2000.
In 2001, due to the ethnic conflict that occurred in Macedonia, economic growth decreased to 4.5%. The decline in the economy occurred due to periodic closures of borders, decreased trade relations with other countries, increased spending from the state budget on state security and the refusal of investors to invest in a country with an unstable political situation. In 2002, economic growth was observed at 0.3%, and in 2003 - 2.8%. For the period from 2003 to 2006 average economic growth amounted to 4%, in 2007-2008 - 5%.
In 2009, the country's GDP was estimated at $9.238 billion, with economic growth declining to -1.8%. Gross domestic product by sector was: agriculture - 12.1% of GDP, industry - 21.5%, services - 58.4%.
State budget revenues in 2009 amounted to $2.914 billion, expenses - $3.161 billion. Macedonia's public debt increased in 2009 compared to 2008 by 3.7% and amounted to 32.4% of GDP. The country's external debt is estimated to have reached $5.458 billion as of September 31, 2009, which is $0.8 billion more than last year.

Geography of Macedonia

The geographical region of Macedonia is now located on the territory of three countries - its southern part - Aegean Macedonia, is part of Greece; the eastern lands - Pirin Macedonia - are part of Bulgaria, and the Republic of Macedonia is located in the north and west, in the valley of the Vardar River.
In most of the territory there are ridges of the medium-high mountain systems Skopska-Tsrna-Gora, Pindus (the highest point is Mount Korab (2753 m) and Pirin, separated by vast intermountain basins. The mountain ranges are separated from each other by the valleys of the Vardar and Strumica rivers, flowing through the entire the country. In the southwest there are large lakes Ohrid and Prespa, partly belonging to Macedonia, and in the southeast there is a large lake, the Vardar River (50 m).

Charts giving an idea of Macedonia's position in the region and the world

RUSSIAN PEOPLE'S FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY Faculty of ECONOMICS (correspondence department) Department of REGIONAL ECONOMICS AND GEOGRAPHY

Macedonia

WFP ($BILLION)

Population (/10^4 people)

Territory (thousand km.vk)

RUSSIAN PEOPLE'S FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY Faculty of ECONOMICS (correspondence department) Department of REGIONAL ECONOMICS AND GEOGRAPHY

WFP ($BILLION)

Population (/10^4 people)

Territory (thousand km.vk)

Foreign trade of Macedonia

Export volume in 2002 was estimated at 1.1 billion US dollars. The country exports food, wine and drinks, tobacco products, various industrial products, iron and steel. Main export partners: Germany, Italy, USA, Croatia and Greece. The volume of imports reached 1.9 billion US dollars in 2002. Macedonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, fuel and food; main partners are Greece, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Türkiye, Ukraine.
State budget revenues in 2001 were estimated at $1.13 billion; expenses - $1.02 billion. Macedonia's external debt reached $1.3 billion. The country receives significant economic assistance from abroad ($150 million in 2001). The monetary unit is the Macedonian dinar (in 2002 the rate was 64.35 dinars per 1 US dollar).

Main export products	economic specializations	Basic development factors
Food and industrial crops	Agriculture, irrigation and fisheries	Climate, raw material factor, water
Oil, Petroleum products, gas (including liquefied)	Mining industry	Raw materials
Gold Silver	Mining, chemical, chemical industry	Raw materials
Chemical products	Mining, manufacturing industry	Labor, Raw materials
Clothing, incl. knitted	Textile industry	Raw materials, environmental, transport

Main export products	economic specializations	Basic development factors
	Lightweight, processing industry	Raw material, labor
Pharmaceutical products	Chemical industry
Electrical equipment and machines	Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering	Raw material, Energy, labor, scientific
Aluminum and aluminum products	Mining and manufacturing industry	Labor, consumer
Paper, cardboard, paper products	Lesnaya and Pulp processing industry	Raw materials, labor

Location of the main centers of the economy

The main centers of the textile industry are Tetovo (production of woolen fabrics), Shtip (cotton mill), Veles (silk weaving mill). They produce mainly ready-made clothes, including knitted clothes, bedspreads, bed linen, faux fur, blankets, cotton threads, wool yarn, fabrics, and carpets.

A large chemical plant is located in Skopje.

Problems of economic development	Basic
1. The small size and relatively high degree of openness of the economy is particularly vulnerable to shocks such as high inflation, embargoes, and regional and local armed conflicts	A number of factors (inability to conduct free trade with the former Yugoslav republics; embargo imposed by Greece; UN sanctions against Yugoslavia; lack of infrastructure) hampered Macedonia's economic growth until 1996. Economic growth began in Macedonia in 1996. GDP growth was observed until 2000
2. landlocked

Sources and literature used

http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.ved.gov.ru
http://www.egypt.ru
http://hdr.undp.org
http://www.edu.ru/
www.gecont.ru/articles/econ/macedonia.htm

The official name is the Republic of Macedonia (Republic of Macedonia). Located in South-Eastern Europe, in the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Area - 25,712 km2. Population - 2.1 million people. (1994). The official language is Macedonian, and in areas with a predominantly Albanian population it is also Albanian. The capital is Skopje (563.3 thousand people, 1991 census). Public holiday - Independence Day on September 8 (since 1991). The monetary unit is the dinar. Member of the UN (since 1993).

Sights of Macedonia

Geography of Macedonia

It borders on the north with Serbia and Montenegro, on the east on Bulgaria, on the south on Greece and on the west on Albania. Macedonia is a continental country and does not have access to the sea, but it occupies a convenient place on the Moravian-Vardar transport axis, along which the main land route (railway and highway) from Western Europe to Greece.

The country's landscape consists of ancient mountain ranges and younger rocks in basins in place of the dried up part of the Aegean Sea; The Vardar Lowland is located along the Vardar River. The Vardar Valley continues in the east with a number of less pronounced basins located slightly higher: in the north the Presevo-Kumanovo Basin, connecting Macedonia with the Moravian Valley, Ovče Polje, Štip and Kočansk basins, Radoviška and Valandovo-Dojran basins. Along the Vardar River and in the north of Eastern Macedonia there are hilly areas of volcanic origin, rich in minerals (lead, zinc, copper, iron). In Eastern Macedonia, mid-altitude mountain spurs cross the area from east to west: Bjelasica in the south, Pljačkovica, Malešeskie and Osogovskie mountains and Kozjak in the north, between which are the valleys and basins of Strumica, Bregalnica and the Crooked River, along which the main road from Macedonia to Bulgaria.

The predominantly mountainous Western Macedonia is divided into two parts by the Prilepsko-Bitola Valley (Pelagonia). In the south are the Ohrid and Prespa basins with lakes of the same name. To the east lies the predominantly alpine highlands of Karadzitsa (the highest point is Solunska Glava, 2538 m). Along the Crna River is the Prilepsko-Bitolskaya Basin. The earthquake in Skopje in 1963 reminded that tectonic processes had not yet ended in Macedonia.

Climatic conditions in individual places of Macedonia vary significantly due to the ruggedness of the territory by mountains of different heights above sea level. In the middle Povardarye Mediterranean and continental air currents mix. Average annual July temperatures there exceed +25°C, and January temperatures are below 0°. Cold air from the north reduces the temperature to -20°C. In the Ohrid and Prespa basins the amplitude of temperature fluctuations is much smaller. Snow falls on Shar Mountain and in Karadzhichi, the melting of which feeds mountain rivers and provides water for hydroelectric power stations.

87% of Macedonia's surface water flows through the Vardar and Strumica rivers into the Aegean Sea, the rest through the Black Dream River into the Adriatic Sea. The Vardar River, which becomes shallow in summer, is fed by its tributaries Pcinja and Bregalnica on the left side and Treska, Babuna, Topolka and Crna on the right. Lake Ohrid is similar in fauna and flora to Baikal and some African lakes. Another tectonic lake - Prespa - partly belongs to Greece and Albania. Part of Lake Dojran also belongs to Greece. There are lakes of glacial origin on Shar-mountain, Pelistra and Yakupitsa. The underground healing waters that come to the surface are used by resorts and hospitals. Mineral water springs are exploited near the city of Bitola.

In areas of the Mediterranean climate, mixed deciduous forests (oak, hornbeam) grow, in the Strumitsa region - Crimean black pine, in the mountains - alpine vegetation. National reserves are parks near the cities of Mavrovo, Galichitsa and Pelister.

Population of Macedonia

During 1921-91, the population of Macedonia increased by 155% (annual growth - 2.2%). In the beginning. 1990s the birth rate was 20‰, the death rate was approx. 7‰. The population is gradually aging: the proportion of young people under the age of 19 is approx. 1/3. Urban population OK. 80%. More than 160 thousand people are employed in industry.

Ethnic composition(1994): 66.5% are Macedonians, 22.9% are ethnic Albanians, Turks, Gypsies, Serbs, etc. also live.

Industrialization and urbanization led to the growth of Macedonian cities. In the beginning. 1990s in Skopje lived approx. 30% of the total population of the republic. After the 1963 earthquake, when the city was heavily damaged, new urban areas grew up. Other large cities are Bitola, Kumanovo, Prilep, Tetovo, Veles, Ohrid, Shtip.

The vast majority of the Slavic population of Macedonia consider themselves Orthodox, while ethnic Albanians profess Islam.

History of Macedonia

The ancient name "Macedonia" was borrowed by the local ruler Bisan in the 9th century. When at 1204 after 4 crusade The Byzantine state collapsed, and neighboring countries began to fight for Macedonian lands. In 1230 they were included in the Bulgarian kingdom, and later, due to them, the Serbian state began to expand, which, during the time of King Milutin, annexed the northern part of present-day Macedonia with the city of Skopje, and in the 1340s. under King Dusan, the rest of the Macedonian territory. Later, during the feudal fragmentation, the brothers Vukašin and Uglješa Mrnjavčević united against the Turks, but were defeated at the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, after which Macedonia was captured by the Turks and remained part of the Ottoman Empire for 500 years. Periodic uprisings against Turkish oppression developed into conquests. 17th century to the present people's war Macedonians under the influence of the penetration of Austrian troops into the Balkans. In the 18th century Austro-Turkish wars were fought for Macedonian lands. From ser. 19th century A powerful movement began to switch from Turkish to Macedonian in schools and churches.

After the Berlin Congress of 1878, M. began to transform from a seedy Turkish outskirts into a compact region with Slavic identification. In 1893, the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) was created, led by Gotse Delchev, under whose leadership on August 2, 1903, the Ilinden uprising against the Turks began in the Bitola region, ending with the proclamation of the Kruševo Republic. The uprising was brutally suppressed by Turkish troops 3 months later. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 contributed to the transformation of the Macedonian people's liberation movement into a legal political organization.

After the 1st Balkan War against the Turks, the victorious countries were unable to agree on the division of Macedonia among themselves, which led to the 2nd Balkan War of 1913. According to the Peace of Bucharest, South Macedonia, along with the Aegean coast, went to Greece, Eastern Macedonia went to Bulgaria, and the central and northern parts of Macedonia remained in Serbia. After World War I, under the Treaty of Versailles, the division of Macedonia into three parts (Vardar in Serbia, Aegean in Greece and Pirin in Bulgaria) was finally sanctioned. The territory of present-day Macedonia as part of Serbia became part of the Yugoslav Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918.

After the defeat of Yugoslavia in the April 1941 war against Nazi Germany, the western part of Vardar Macedonia was formally annexed to Albania, but in fact to Italy. The eastern part of Vardar Macedonia and part of southeastern Serbia were occupied by Bulgaria. In September 1941, a regional headquarters for the liberation war against the occupiers was created in Vardar Macedonia, which acted together with the all-Yugoslav People's Liberation Army. After World War II, Vardar Macedonia became an independent entity within Yugoslavia - the People's Republic of Macedonia, where it underwent profound social and economic transformations during the years of socialism.

After the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Macedonian population in a referendum on September 8, 1991 spoke in favor of the independence and sovereignty of Macedonia. Due to the resistance of Greece, which sharply objected to the name of the new state as Macedonia, the process of its international recognition was delayed. It was not until 1993 that a compromise was reached and a new state called the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was admitted to the UN. The first years of the young state were not cloudless internationally. It was subject to an economic blockade not only from the south (from Greece), but also from the north due to international sanctions against Serbia, and Bulgaria for a long time did not recognize the Macedonian nation and the Macedonian language, considering it a dialect of the Bulgarian language.

Back in November 1990, the first free multi-party elections to a new unicameral parliament were held in Macedonia. The Constitution was adopted in 1991. The country's leadership managed to ensure its peaceful development in the context of political upheavals and armed clashes in most of the former Yugoslav republics. Macedonia introduced market reforms similar to those implemented in other post-socialist countries.

The most serious internal political problem in Macedonia was the explosive conflicts between the Albanian minority and the Slavic majority of the population, which intensified after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the de facto separation of Kosovo from Serbia. Macedonia then accepted many Albanian refugees from Kosovo, whose presence had a destabilizing effect on the political and economic situation in the country. Detachments were stationed on the territory of Macedonia for preventive purposes. Armed Forces UN.

In February 2001, Albanian nationalists, with the support of militants from Kosovo, started armed clashes with the Macedonian police and army. An armed NATO contingent was brought into the country in order to prevent large-scale civil war. Under pressure from Western peacekeepers, a government of national unity was formed in May 2001 from representatives of the four largest parties of both national communities.

Government and political system of Macedonia

In my own way state structure Macedonia is a parliamentary republic with an influential president. A multi-party political system has been in place since 1990. The first president, Kiro Gligorov (1991-99), was succeeded by Boris Trajkovski.

Until 1998, the country was ruled by the government of socialist Branko Crvenkovski, which was supported by a parliamentary coalition consisting of two parties: the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM) and the Albanian Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP). In 1998, the liberal party All-Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party of Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) won the next parliamentary elections, which, in a coalition with the Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), formed a government led by Ljubco Georgievski.

On September 15, 2002, the fourth parliamentary elections were held in independent Macedonia. The victorious center-left bloc “Together for Macedonia”, consisting of the absolutely dominant SDSM and the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), received exactly half the seats in the Assembly of the Republic (60 out of 120). The coalition that ruled the country before the elections, consisting of VMRO-DPMNE and the Liberal Party, brought 33 deputies into parliament, i.e. much less than she received in previous elections.

The third largest parliamentary faction was created by the party of ethnic Albanians - the Democratic Union for Integration (UDI), which received 16 seats in parliament, significantly ahead of other Albanian parties, of which the Democratic Party of Albanians received 7, the Party for Democratic Prosperity - 2, the National Democratic Party - 1 mandate. The Socialist Party also managed to get one deputy into parliament. Social Democrat Nikola Popovski was elected Chairman of the Assembly.

The elections were preceded by a sharp escalation of tensions between Macedonians and ethnic Albanians, who make up 1/3 of the country's population. Despite the fact that in 2001, after the signing of the Ohrid Agreement, which ended the inter-ethnic armed conflict, amendments to the Macedonian Constitution were adopted that expanded the collective political rights of the Albanian community (Albanian was given the status of a second official language, proportional participation of Albanians in the security forces and other executive structures was ensured, an amnesty was declared for the militants), militant Albanians resumed terrorist attacks three weeks before the vote. The wave of terror was unleashed by the so-called The Albanian National Army (ANA) is a radical group that continues to fight with arms in hand for the territorial division of Macedonia. She carried out several attacks on police checkpoints, murders of Interior Ministry employees, and hostage-taking.

After the parliamentary elections, the ethnic tensions tearing Macedonia apart did not disappear. The new Macedonian government was approved at a special session of parliament on October 31, 2002, after several weeks of negotiations between coalition parties. The cabinet of ministers was headed by 39-year-old SDSM leader Branko Crvenkovski. The main posts in the new cabinet of ministers were distributed between three parties: SDSM, LDP and Albanian DSI.

Economy of Macedonia

Before 1945, Macedonia was a poorly developed agricultural region, where mainly crafts and trade were present. Only 1% of the population was employed at 127 industrial and fishing enterprises. During World War II, almost all industry and most of the crafts and trade were destroyed. After the war, under the new government, accelerated industrialization of the country began. In 1960-87, the social product increased by 3 times, industrial production by almost 9 times, and handicraft production by 2.2 times.

Currently, agriculture produces approx. 13.2% of GDP and almost completely satisfies the population's food needs. Land is mostly in small private ownership: 68% of farms have less than 2 hectares of agricultural land.

Modern forms of agriculture are used where it is possible to irrigate land in dry conditions. summer time. Macedonia has favorable conditions for growing cotton, high-quality tobacco, poppy and vegetables. OK. 20% of arable land is sown with wheat. Forests occupy 35.2% of all land, mainly in mountainous areas.

River water resources are favorable for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The country produces 4.7 billion kWh of electricity per year. In Macedonia, 5.6 million coal is mined in the Oslomej mines near the city of Kičevo and in the Bitola region.

Among the most developed industrial sectors is metalworking. Industrial, construction and agricultural equipment, buses and car bodies are produced in Skopje, auto parts and machine tools are produced in Ohrid, car and tractor parts are produced in Kocani, metalworking machines are produced in Veles, and agricultural machinery and household metal products are produced in Štip. Electrical goods are produced in Skopje (transformers), Ohrid (insulating materials), Prilep (electric motors), Bitola (refrigerators) and Gevgelija (electric ceramics).

The chemical industry is developing on the basis of domestic raw materials in the cities of Skopje, Ohrid, Strig, Kumanovo and Tetovo. An oil refinery with a capacity of 2.5 million tons of oil per year was built near Skopje. There are enterprises in the textile and clothing industry, the food and tobacco industries are developing on the basis of local raw materials, and work in Veles large plant porcelain and sanitary ceramics, in Skopje - cement and glass factories. The construction industry accounts for approx. 5% of GDP.

Macedonia has approx. 5000 km of asphalt roads, the most important of which is the motorway from the Serbian border to the Greek border via Skopje. International airports have been built in Skopje and near Lake Ohrid. Tourism is developed mainly on the shores of the Ohrid, Prespa, Dojran and Mavrovsko lakes, winter tourism - on Shar Mountain (Popova Shapka), all year round There are health resorts and hydropathic clinics.

Like all other countries in transition, Macedonia experienced a significant decline in social production, which lasted until 1995. The recovery that occurred in the next three years economic activity was suspended again in 1999 due to the negative impact on the Macedonian economy of the armed conflict around Kosovo, which led to an influx of numerous Albanian refugees into the country. After a successful economic year in 2000, when GDP grew by 4.5%, in 2001, due to armed interethnic conflict, GDP decreased again by 4.1%. The country's economy was unable to recover from the deep crisis that ensued. next year. The economic and social problems that accompany economic development Macedonia during the years of its independence.

In April 1992, the country introduced its own currency - the dinar, later pegged to the German mark. The strengthening of the dinar took place in parallel with the fight against inflation, which accelerated after price liberalization. Thanks to the strict monetary policy of the People's Bank, it was possible to reduce the annual inflation rate to less than 5%. Financial stabilization was also expressed in overcoming the state budget deficit, which was balanced in 1999, and in 2000 had a surplus of 2.6% of GDP. The country's tax system is adapted to the requirements of a market economy, although it carries a significant social burden.

A serious problem in Macedonia is unemployment, which, according to various estimates, amounts to 30-40% of the working population.

The country has privatized industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as banks. On the line. 2001 there were 21 commercial banks and 17 savings institutions. In 6 banks, including the two largest, foreign capital predominates.

Science and culture of Macedonia

Macedonia has 9.8% illiterate citizens. Education is conducted in basic (eight-year) and secondary schools in Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish and Serbian.

In Skopje there is a university named after. Cyril and Methodius (since 1949), since 1979 - a university in Bitola, 3 academies and 6 higher schools, some of them are located in the cities of Prilep, Štip and Ohrid.

Research work is carried out mainly at universities, and since 1967 also at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The most famous scientific centers are the Institute of the Macedonian Language, the Institute of Earthquake Engineering, the Agricultural Institute (all located in Skopje), the Tobacco Institute in Prilep and the Hydrobiological Institute in Ohrid.

There are 10 professional theaters in Macedonia. Since 1961, international Struga singing evenings, Racine literary meetings and other international cultural events have been held annually. The first Macedonian printed publications began to appear in 1896 in Sofia (“Vine”, “Revolution”).

A number of factors (inability to conduct free trade with the former Yugoslav republics; embargo imposed by Greece; UN sanctions against Yugoslavia; lack of infrastructure) hampered Macedonia's economic growth until 1996. Economic growth began in Macedonia in 1996. GDP growth was observed until 2000.

In 2001, due to the ethnic conflict that occurred in Macedonia, economic growth decreased to 4.5%. The decline in the economy occurred due to periodic closures of borders, decreased trade relations with other countries, increased spending from the state budget on state security and the refusal of investors to invest in a country with an unstable political situation. In 2002, economic growth was observed at 0.3%, and in 2003 - 2.8%. For the period from 2003 to 2006, the average economic growth rate was 4%, for 2007-2008 - 5%.

In 2009, the country's GDP was estimated at $9.238 billion, with economic growth declining to -1.8%. Gross domestic product by sector was: agriculture - 12.1% of GDP, industry - 21.5%, services - 58.4%.

State budget revenues in 2009 amounted to $2.914 billion, expenses - $3.161 billion. Macedonia's public debt increased in 2009 compared to 2008 by 3.7% and amounted to 32.4% of GDP. The country's external debt is estimated to have reached $5.458 billion as of September 31, 2009, which is $0.8 billion more than last year.

Industry of Macedonia

Height industrial production in Macedonia in 2009 fell sharply to -7.7%. The country has the following leading industries: tobacco, wine, textile. In addition, there is a mining industry, a metallurgical industry, a chemical industry, metalworking, electrical equipment, and machine tools.

The country has small reserves of ore and non-metallic minerals: iron, lead-zinc, nickel, copper and manganese ore, chromite, magnesite, antimony, arsenic, sulfur, gold, brown coal, feldspar, dolomite, gypsum.

Metallurgical industry. Iron and steel production accounts for 7% of GDP. Main products: cold- and hot-rolled steel, aluminum profiles and strip, alloy steel, pipes, ferronickel, zinc, copper, gold and silver.

Metalworking and electrical equipment. They are represented by a variety of products: electrical appliances, transformers, batteries. We produce equipment for processing metals, wood and plastic.

Chemical industry. It accounts for 10% of total industrial production. There are capacities for basic chemical production, synthetic fiber, polyvinyl chloride, solvents, detergents, fertilizers, etc. The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are also developed. The chemical industry in Macedonia is based mainly on imported raw materials. A large chemical plant is located in Skopje. The development of the chemical industry is facilitated by foreign investment (USA - in the pharmaceutical industry, Turkey - in the production of fuels, lubricants and plastics, Italy - in the production technical glass). There is a pulp and paper industry.

Textile industry. It employs 27% of the working population. Main production: cotton fiber and fabrics, wool yarn and finished woolen products. Most enterprises carry out orders for sewing ready-made clothing for the USA and European countries. In the last 3 years alone, 425 new small and medium-sized enterprises have opened in the sector. The main centers of the textile industry are Tetovo (production of woolen fabrics), Shtip (cotton mill), Veles (silk weaving mill). They produce mainly ready-made clothes, including knitted clothes, bedspreads, bed linen, faux fur, blankets, cotton threads, wool yarn, fabrics, and carpets. The tanning and leather-footwear industry operates mainly on imported raw materials and is largely developing thanks to investments from Italian and Italian-American companies.

Construction and Construction Materials. This sector operates on domestic raw materials and produces ceramics, asbestos, cement, gypsum and gypsum products. The country has a well-developed construction industry. The construction services of Macedonian workers are widely used in Germany, Eastern European countries and the Middle East. The industry enterprises “Beton”, “Mavrovo”, “Pelagonia” are widely known in Russia and the republics of the former USSR. The annual volume in construction is 400 million dollars, including 40-50 million dollars from the implementation of projects abroad.

Food and beverage industry. Well-developed industries producing canned goods, wine and beer. Annual grape production reaches 200-300 thousand tons. The country has 16 wine production factories with a total volume of 220 million liters of wine per year.

Agriculture in Macedonia

Good climatic conditions allow the country to grow grain crops (wheat, corn, rice), industrial crops (tobacco, sunflower, cotton, poppy), vegetables and fruits. Viticulture and winemaking are developed in Macedonia.

Pasture livestock farming is developed in mountainous areas. The population raises sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. The country also has poultry farming and beekeeping. Residents of lake areas are engaged in fishing. The leading sectors in the agriculture of the Republic of Macedonia are: tobacco growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, and sheep breeding.

The share of agriculture in GDP is 20%. Agricultural land amounts to 1.3 million hectares, of which 43% is arable land, 4% is under vineyards and vegetable crops. The remaining 53% of land is pastures and meadows. About 80% of the land is privately owned. Climatic conditions make it possible to grow grapes, early vegetables, fruits, and also develop livestock. There are a large number of enterprises Food Industry and for the production of drinks. The total export potential of agriculture reaches 180-230 million dollars per year, which accounts for 20% of Macedonia's exports.

Foreign trade of Macedonia

Export volume in 2009 was estimated at 2.687 billion US dollars. The country exports food, tobacco products, textiles, various industrial products, iron and steel. Main export partners: Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Croatia and Greece.

The volume of imports reached 4.844 billion US dollars in 2009. Macedonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, fuel and food. Main import partners: Greece, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Turkey, Hungary.

Transport and energy in Macedonia

As is known, Macedonia has a sufficient network of highways and a number of railways. The length of railways is 699 km (234 km are electrified), the length highways- 4,723 km (including 4,113 km with hard surface). The country has 14 airports (including 10 paved airports), including international airports in Skopje and Ohrid.

The main highway is laid parallel to the North-South railway connecting Serbia and Montenegro with Greece, the so-called. "Corridor 10" Construction is underway on Corridor 8, a highway that will connect Macedonia with Albania in the west and Bulgaria in the east. The length of the railway network is 900 km. The main north-south direction from Belgrade to the port of Thessaloniki (Greece) passes through Skopje. Macedonia has two international airfields - in Skopje and Ohrid.

Telecommunications are also well developed in Macedonia. The country has a stable connection through optical cable with the main cities of Europe. The Macedonian Telecommunications enterprise was privatized by the Hungarian Matav - 51% of the shares. There are two mobile networks, which are used by 9% of the population.

Macedonia can achieve self-sufficiency in the electricity sector. Currently, the country meets its needs by 80%. The installed capacity is 1443.8 MW, of which 1010 MW are thermal power plants and 443.8 MW are hydroelectric power plants. Most energy facilities were created with the assistance of the former USSR.

Joint Stock Company "Electricity of Macedonia" is a state-owned enterprise for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity. It includes 3 thermal power plants, 7 hydroelectric power stations, 22 small hydroelectric power stations. The largest thermal power plant "Bitola" produces 70% of all thermal and electrical energy in the country. IN good condition The Negotino thermal power plant is located. It runs on fuel oil, so it is a reserve power due to the high cost of energy production. The government plans to privatize Electricity of Macedonia by the end of 2006. The necessary documents are being prepared.

The Skopje-Thessaloniki oil pipeline operates in the country. Its throughput capacity is up to 2.5 million tons of oil per year. This is precisely the production capacity of the Skopsky oil refinery "OKTA", built with the assistance of the USSR (currently privatized by the Greek company Helenik Petroleum).

The gas pipeline through which Russian natural gas is supplied through Bulgarian territory to Macedonia is in the process of expansion. Design throughput gas transmission system - 800 million cubic meters. Only 10% is used. Subject to the implementation of the project for the development of the gas transportation network of Macedonia and neighboring countries, gas could be supplied to Albania, the southern regions of Serbia, including Kosovo, as well as northern Greece.

Source - http://www.makedonya.ru/
http://ru.wikipedia.org/

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Republic of Macedonia Vakurina Daria, State Budget Educational Institution No. 104 of St. Petersburg. Teacher Shizhenskaya N. N.

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Capital: Skopje Form of government: parliamentary republic State. structure: the legislative Assembly is vested with great powers Currency: dinar Head of state: President Gheorghe Ivanov, Prime Minister Emil Dimitriev GDP (nominal) 7.5 billion (2007) GDP at PPP 17.35 billion Place by GDP at PPP 118 GDP growth 3, 2% GDP per capita at PPP 8675 GDP by sector agriculture: 11.9% industry: 28.2% services: 59.9%

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Head of State Gjorge Ivanov - Macedonian state and political figure, President of the Republic of Macedonia since May 12, 2009. Emil Dimitriev is a Macedonian politician, Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia since January 18, 2016.

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Business card of the country. The flag of the Republic of Macedonia is a red cloth with an image of a yellow sun with eight diverging rays. The flag represents the “new sun of freedom” (Macedonian novo sonce na slobodata), sung in the national anthem of Macedonia. The coat of arms represents only a landscape characteristic and does not contain any historical symbols of Macedonia. The coat of arms depicts Mount Korab, water (symbolizing rivers) and the sun, framed by the main crops grown in Macedonia (wheat, poppy, tobacco and cotton). At the bottom there is a ribbon embroidered with folk ornaments.

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Anthem of the Republic of Macedonia Today a new sun of freedom is born over Macedonia, Macedonians are fighting for their rights! Macedonians are fighting for their rights! From now on the banner of the Kruševo Republic flutters! Gotse Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev, Sandanski! Gotse Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev, Sandanski! The Macedonian forests are loudly singing new songs, new news! Macedonia is free, Free lives! Macedonia is free, Free lives! Denes nad Macedonia se raha novo sonce na slobodata! Makedontsite se borat za voite pravdini! Makedontsite se borat za voite pravdini! Od sega veje znameto se vee na Kruševskata republika! Gotse Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev, Sandanski! Gotse Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev, Sandanski! Burn noisily sing new songs, new spring! Macedonia is free, more free! Macedonia is free, more free!

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Organizations International Monetary Fund (since 1992) CTO (since 1993) EBRD (since 1993) Central European Initiative (since 1993) Council of Europe (since 1995) OSCE (since 1995) SECI (since 1996) WTO (since 2003) CEFTA (since 2006) La Francophonie (since 2001) UN - United Nations (1993).

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EGP Located in the southeast of Europe (Balkan Peninsula) Area – 25.3 thousand km^2 (145th in the world) Administrative division: 84 communities and the city of Skopje (capital) Borders: in the north with Kosovo and Serbia, in the west with Albania, in the south with Greece, in the east with Bulgaria.

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Export - partners: Serbia and Montenegro - 20.4% Germany - 15.4% Greece - 12.4% Bulgaria - 10.1% Italy - 8.8% Croatia - 6.5% Export: $ 3971 million Export - goods: - food products - drinks - tobacco products - textiles - various finished products - iron and steel Import: $ 6523 million Import - goods: - machinery and equipment - cars - chemicals - fuel - food Import - partners: Germany-13.3% Greece-12.4% Bulgaria-9.9% Serbia and Montenegro -6.9% Italy-6.3% Turkey-5.6% Export and Import

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Population According to the 2002 census, the total population in the Republic of Macedonia was 2,022,547 inhabitants, including: Macedonians - 1,297,981 (64.18%) Albanians - 509,083 (25.17%) Turks - 77,959 (3.85 %) Gypsies - 53,879 (2.66%) Serbs - 35,939 (1.78%) Bosniaks - 17,018 (0.84%) Romanians - 9,695 (0.48%) others - 20,993 (1.04%) )

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Macedonians -64.2% Albanians-25.2% Turks-3.9% Gypsies-2.7% Serbs-1.8% Muslims-0.1% Bosnians-0.8% Montenegrins-0.1% Croats-0.1% Wallachians -0.5% Bulgarians-0.1% Ethnic groups Orthodox: 1,310,184 or 64.78% Muslims: 674,015 or 33.33% Catholics: 7,008 or 0.34% Others: 31,340 or 1.55% Religion

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The mountain is located on the border of Albania and the Republic of Macedonia, being the highest point of these countries Natural conditions Most of the territory is covered by the ridges of the medium-high mountain systems Skopska-Crna Gora, Pindus, Shar Planina.

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The average annual temperature is +11–12° C, the average temperature in July is +21–23° C, in January – about 0° C. The average annual precipitation is 500–700 mm, with more in the south. The soils are brown and light brown mountain-forest, often gravelly. The northern part is covered with mountains, and the southwestern part is a flat valley of the Karaorman mountain range. The climate of Macedonia is transitional from temperate to subtropical, which is significantly influenced by mountains.

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Agriculture The largest part of the agricultural sector is occupied by vegetable and fruit growing. Much attention is paid to industrial crops - tobacco, sunflower, cotton. Pasture livestock farming is developed in mountainous areas. The population raises sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. The country also has poultry farming and beekeeping. Residents of lake areas are engaged in fishing.

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The country has the following leading industries: tobacco, wine, textile. In addition, there is a mining industry, a metallurgical industry, a chemical industry, metalworking, electrical equipment, and machine tools. textile industry chemical industry metallurgy mining industry Industry Chemical industry: Skopje Textile industry: Tetovo, Štip, Veles

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1) The level of air pollution in the Macedonian capital exceeds the permissible norm. 2) Thousands of people in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula have been affected in recent days by floods caused by melting snow and heavy rains 3) Frequent earthquakes Environmental problems

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National clothing Macedonian National Costume- a traditional set of clothing, shoes and accessories of the Macedonians, which has developed over the centuries. It has pronounced local features. Vintage forms folk clothes among the Macedonians, especially in the western part of Macedonia, they were better preserved than among other South Slavic peoples.

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Traditional clothing differed in individual regions, but its basic elements were common. The basis of a woman’s costume is a long tunic-like shirt, in some areas (Skopje, Kumanovo, etc.) it is very wide, with wedges, with a stand-up collar, richly decorated with embroidery. Over it is a short or semi-long robe, sleeveless or with short sleeves, sometimes with false sleeves. A mandatory part of the costume is an apron and a colored woven belt. The headdress is a scarf, sometimes underneath it is a small cap like a fez. A traditional men's suit is a tunic-like embroidered shirt, narrow or wide trousers, a cloth or fur jacket or caftan, and a bright woven belt. On their feet, men and women wore woolen stockings, opankas - shoes without soles with a curved toe made of rawhide.

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National food Finally, it is worth mentioning what national dishes Macedonia abounds in. The cuisine here is its own, but with a very clear Turkish influence. Most often here you can see cutlets made from various minced meats, which are rolled like kebabs. Again, pies with cheese and meat - bureki - are very popular. Cheese cheese is especially popular here. “Ajvar” is a salad made from beans, tomatoes, paprika, garlic, salt and sunflower oil.

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The main river of Macedonia, the picturesque Vardar, crossing the territory of Skopje, divides the capital into two parts: Old and New town. Accordingly, in the old part of Skopje you can get acquainted with the main historical monuments of Macedonia: the Kale Fortress, the Mustafa Pasha Mosque and many others.

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In the central part of Skopje, not far from the Old Market, stands the medieval Mustafa Pasha Mosque - the most striking Islamic monument in Macedonia. The sanctuary was built about five centuries ago, but is still in excellent condition, as if time had not touched it. On the hilly bank of the Vardar River in the very center of Skopje stands the ancient Venetian fortress of Kale - an unprecedented urban symbol, an object of national pride of Macedonia. There is a magical park on the territory of the fortress, where both townspeople and tourists enjoy strolling.