Infectious phlebitis. Phlebitis of the lower and upper extremities: symptoms and treatment

Any inflammation of the veins is called phlebitis. The cause may be an infection, mechanical trauma to the venous walls, an allergic reaction, and some diseases. Depending on the cause, inflammation manifests itself in various symptoms. In the article we will consider the forms of phlebitis, their signs and methods of treatment.

Phlebitis forms

There are several classifications of phlebitis. First of all, different forms differ from each other in the location of the affected areas. vascular system:

Superficial phlebitis- This is an inflammation of the walls of the veins located directly under the skin (at a depth of no more than 3 cm from the skin surface). Inflammation of the superficial veins is usually considered less severe and can be treated with topical treatment. But sometimes it can be a symptom of latent deep vein phlebitis. It can only be recognized with proper medical examination.
Phlebitis of deep veins- affects the veins that are located deeper in the tissues of the arms and legs. Sometimes they are accompanied by the formation of blood clots (blood clots) due to changes in the structure of the inflamed veins. Then the usual phlebitis turns into.

There are different forms of venous inflammation, depending on the degree of their damage:

... In this case, only the external venous walls are affected. A common cause is the transition of inflammation from the surrounding tissues to the veins.
Endophlebitis... Occurs in the event of damage to the internal venous walls. Most often it has an infectious cause or develops as a result of inflammation of the veins after injection or catheter insertion.
Panphlebitis... In this case, all vein membranes become inflamed.
... Inflammatory process in the abdomen.

The following forms of phlebitis are also found:

infectious- can occur in the vessels of any area of the body;
postpartum- affects the venous membranes of the lower extremities, proceeding acutely and with severe pain syndrome;
peripheral- in this case, the arteries of the legs and arms become inflamed;
allergic- has an allergic nature and is characterized by a long, chronic course;
cerebral- occurs with inflammation of the vascular system of the brain, most often has an infectious nature;
post-injection- Inflammation of superficial veins as a result of local trauma (for example, irritation from an intravenous catheter);
cubital- a special case of post-injection, when a vein located at the bend of the elbow becomes inflamed.

Below we will consider the main reasons that contribute to the development of different forms of phlebitis.

Causes of phlebitis

Various surgical and other medical procedures can damage the veins, causing superficial phlebitis. The main risk factor is the introduction of an intravenous catheter. In this case, the venous walls become inflamed at the injection site of the needle or cannula. In this case, phlebitis can be of a mechanical, chemical or infectious nature:

mechanical damage to veins- movement of a foreign object (catheter cannula) inside the vein causes friction, leading to inflammation;
chemical- caused by a drug administered intravenously (often a risk factor is antibiotic therapy or the administration of hypertonic solutions);
infectious- occurs when bacteria enter the vein (for example, due to insufficient sterilization of the skin before the introduction of the needle).

In addition to local vein injuries, there are other risk factors that increase the likelihood of various forms of phlebitis:

a sedentary or recumbent lifestyle (slow blood flow, especially in the lower limbs, leads to the formation of blood clots);
obesity;
smoking;
diseases that affect blood clotting;
injuries to the legs and arms;
taking hormonal drugs;
pregnancy;
varicose veins;
frequent intravenous catheterization;
various procedures in the postoperative period;
removed lymph nodes (this disrupts the normal drainage of the venous system);
intravenous drug use;
burns.

Phlebitis symptoms

In some cases, venous inflammation occurs without any symptoms. But most often they are accompanied by the following symptoms, regardless of the form of phlebitis: redness, swelling of the vein, its sensitivity and soreness.

Nurses and doctors may suspect phlebitis from vein hardening, pain and discomfort during intravenous drug administration, and difficulty in injection.

Both deep and superficial phlebitis can be accompanied by a slight increase in temperature.

Symptoms of phlebitis of superficial veins:

Itching, swelling, tenderness, warming of the skin.
Pulsation in the area of the damaged vein.
The appearance of a long, thin red line or "spider web" along the inflamed superficial vein.
Engorgement and induration of inflamed veins.
Pain, swelling, redness in the area of the damaged vein in case of infectious phlebitis.

Deep vein phlebitis symptoms:

Pain, redness, and swelling in the affected upper or lower limb.
The skin around the affected veins may turn blue or milky white.
Severe swelling of a limb for no apparent reason (especially in the case of swelling in only one limb).
Fever (usually bacterial phlebitis).
The appearance of ulcers and swelling on the skin of the extremities.

In some cases you must immediately seek medical attention:

a combination of any of the above symptoms with a high fever;
the appearance of "lumps" in the arm or leg;
severe pain and swelling in the limbs;
shortness of breath and chest pain (may be symptoms of thrombophlebitis in the lungs).

The above signs of phlebitis of deep and superficial veins refer to inflammation of the venous walls in both the arms and legs.

Symptoms of cubital phlebitis:

Pain immediately after injection, especially when bending the arm at the elbow.
Lump or local swelling at the injection site.
Hematoma or redness of the skin at the elbow.
Muscle tension and tight skin.

Symptoms of post-injection phlebitis:

Sharp pain, swelling of the limb into which the intravenous injection was made.
Deterioration of the general condition, fever.
Thickening and hardening of the affected vein.
Swollen lymph nodes are possible.

Phlebitis diagnostics

Phlebitis of superficial veins can be determined on the basis of a doctor's examination. Such a diagnosis may be prompted by sensitivity, redness, swelling along the veins. To confirm it, the doctor may prescribe an ultrasound scan.

Visual inspection is not always informative. Symptoms suggestive of phlebitis can also be present with lymphangitis (inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes), skin infections, insect bites, and even cellulitis.

Deep vein phlebitis is more difficult to diagnose. Most often, an ultrasound examination is prescribed to determine it. The following examinations and analyzes can also be assigned:

phlebography
analysis for D-dimer (not very informative in the diagnosis of phlebitis, and requires additional examinations)
skin biopsy (in rare cases)

Ultrasound of the veins of the lower extremities (video)

Often, an ultrasound examination is prescribed to detect phlebitis. In this video, the specialist talks about all the nuances of ultrasound of the veins of the lower extremities.

Treatment of various forms of phlebitis

First self-help at home

To reduce pain and inflammation in the superficial veins, any of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is suitable. For example, "Ibuprofen" or "Aspirin". Also, compression stockings can be used as directed by a doctor. They are worn on a limb with an affected vein and improve blood circulation in it, reducing swelling and soreness.

The easiest and most affordable way to relieve discomfort and increase blood circulation is light physical activity, for example, walking. The more you move, the faster the soreness and other symptoms go away.

If the doctor has confirmed superficial phlebitis, then according to his purpose, you can use a warm compress on the inflamed area.

Treatment

The choice of treatment for venous inflammation depends on several factors. The doctor examines the presence of symptoms, the degree of their severity, the localization of phlebitis and the diseases that accompany it.

Treatment of lesions of superficial veins different localization is most often limited to the use of local funds. Effective drugs include anti-inflammatory drugs in the form of tablets or local gels and ointments (based on ibuprofen, diclofenac and their analogues). Warming compresses are also used.

In case of post-injection inflammation of the veins, the catheter is removed first. Further treatment depends on the form of phlebitis and the cause that caused it. So, an infectious lesion is treated with antibiotics.

If blood clots are suspected for any form of phlebitis, anticoagulant drugs can be prescribed. These include products based on enoxaparin, fondaparinux, warfarin and non-fractional heparin.

Treatment for phlebitis of superficial veins usually takes several weeks. Deep vein inflammation requires treatment for 2-3 weeks to several months.

Complications and prognosis with phlebitis

Inflammation of superficial veins usually has favorable prognosis and heals without complications and consequences. But phlebitis of deep veins is already considered a serious disease, the main danger of which is the formation of blood clots and the onset of thrombophlebitis. The progression of the disease can lead to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (pulmonary artery thrombosis), which can be fatal in some cases.

Another complication of deep phlebitis can be the occurrence of an abscess and infection of the whole organism (in the case of an infectious nature of inflammation). Severe phlebitis of deep veins can seriously damage the venous structure, leading to the development of postphlebitic syndrome. It is characterized by chronic swelling of the affected limb, persistent pain, and ulceration.

Prevention of phlebitis

In some cases, venous inflammation cannot be avoided. But there are simple measures that significantly reduce the chances of it occurring. Preventive measures include:

gymnastics during and after a long stay in an airplane or car;
to give up smoking;
rapid onset of physical activity after surgery;
hygiene and quick removal of intravenous catheters;
the absence of a long sitting and lying regime (if necessary, wear compression stockings);
daily physical activity.

By the localization of inflammation in the venous wall:

Veins can become inflamed at any point, so doctors distinguish and classify phlebitis:

There are several classifications of this disease. First of all, phlebitis is distinguished depending on its location:

endophlebitis - the inner lining of the vein is affected and is usually traumatic in nature. In addition to the already indicated catheter and intravenous injections, this type of phlebitis can be provoked separately by injection with a hypertonic solution;
periphlebitis is a form of inflammation of the outer membrane of a vein, which is often provoked by injuries and pathological processes in the surrounding tissues;
panphlebitis - combines both internal and external processes of inflammation of the vein.

Types of phlebitis

There is also a classification of phlebitis according to objects that are prone to inflammation - damaged vessels:

Based on the peculiarities of the localization of the inflammatory process characteristic of the disease, the following varieties are distinguished:

thrombophlebitis of the upper extremities;
thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities;
arterial thrombophlebitis (peripheral arterial thrombosis);
thrombophlebitis internal organs.

Depending on the lesion, phlebitis of superficial veins is divided into several main types:

Periphlebitis - only the external venous membrane is affected by the inflammatory process. This can happen if inflammation passes from neighboring internal organs to the vein itself.
Endophlebitis - damage to the inner venous membrane occurs. The main reason is serious injury. Post-injection phlebitis is a prime example: in this case, the needle damages the venous walls. This can happen when a solution, such as saline, is administered intravenously.
Panphlebitis is the most severe type of disease in which absolutely all venous membranes are affected.

In addition to the above classification, phlebitis is divided into acute and chronic. Acute phlebitis of superficial veins is primarily accompanied by acute painful sensations at the site of the lesion of the vein. There is also a significant tension in the vascular tissues.

In the area of inflammation, the skin acquires a red tint, small seals and red streaks may appear. There is also general malaise, weakness, there may be an increased body temperature.

Causes of phlebitis

Phlebitis, or thrombophlebitis, occurs due to the blockage of blood vessels by a blood clot, which becomes inflamed and sore, preventing a person from moving, stepping on his leg. The impetus for this problem can be an infection (usually streptococci) or varicose veins, which have passed into the acute stage.

Sometimes blood clots form due to the use of oral contraceptives, so carefully read the contraindications when taking.

What other problems are there:

The variety of phlebitis is great, and, depending on the depth of the lesion of the vein, three types of phlebitis are classified:

Varicose veins are one of the most common causes of phlebitis.

Various factors can cause inflammation of the venous walls. In most cases, phlebitis is caused by varicose veins or infection of the vascular wall.

The inflammatory process can be provoked by various pathogenic microorganisms, but most often streptococcus becomes the causative agent. Infection can occur due to complications from abscesses, purulent wounds, or infectious diseases.

Often, inflammation of the vascular wall develops as a result of mechanical damage to the venous vessel. The causes of such phlebitis can be: puncture of a vein during blood sampling or intravenous injections, chemical burns of veins after the introduction of certain aggressive medications or trauma.

In some cases, phlebitis is caused by an allergic reaction triggered by the ingestion of an allergen into the body. Also, the disease can become one of the postpartum complications, which is provoked by prolonged stagnation of blood in the lower body.

The following factors can also contribute to the development of phlebitis:

excess weight;
sedentary lifestyle;
immobilization of limbs in case of injuries;
prolonged bed rest;
suffered injuries;
frequent physical stress;
pregnancy.

Among the main causes of phlebitis of the lower extremities are:

infection is the main cause of inflammation (the causative agent in most cases is streptococcus);
mechanical damage to the vessel - a reaction to the insertion of a catheter, incorrect insertion of the needle when taking blood;
exposure to a vein of chemicals - a chemical burn from the introduction of any drug;
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the vessel - phlebitis as a consequence of a boil or abscess;
varicose veins are one of the main causes of the disease, often turns into thrombophlemitis, and, if left untreated, into a trophic ulcer at the site of the lesion.

Risk factors

Most often, the risk groups, one way or another, are associated with varicose veins, and the risk groups susceptible to both diseases often coincide. So, the risk factors for phlebitis include:

Most often, varicose veins are distinguished as a cause provoking the development of phlebitis and thrombophlebitis. In addition, certain factors play an important role, which include overweight, physical inactivity (a condition provoked by a lack of physical activity), the duration of standing and constipation in the chronic form of the course of this disease.

To date, experts have identified whole line reasons that can provoke phlebitis of superficial veins:

The most common cause is varicose veins of the lower extremities
Injuries in which veins have been damaged
For a long time, the patient arrived in one position, which caused blood stasis and provoked venous inflammation. This can happen in case of illness, when it is necessary to observe the recumbent regime, the postoperative period
Presence in the body malignant tumors
Large area burn lesions of the skin
Drug addiction, in the case of intravenous drug administration.

In order for a specialist to prescribe proper treatment, it is necessary to find out the true cause of phlebitis.

Phlebitis symptoms

With acute superficial phlebitis, the vein becomes painful, tense. The skin over the affected area turns red and thickens. Local hyperthermia is observed. Red streaks may appear along the inflamed veins. In some cases, there is an increase in body temperature, general weakness... Chronic phlebitis of superficial veins is characterized by a smoothed clinical picture, a recurrent course with periodic exacerbations. In acute phlebitis of deep veins, general hyperthermia, pain and edema in the area of inflammation are noted. The skin of the affected limb becomes milky white. Compaction and redness of the skin is not observed. In the overwhelming majority of cases, acute deep vein phlebitis is complicated by the formation of blood clots and turns into acute thrombophlebitis.

Most often, a symptom of phlebitis can be called redness, induration and pain, but it all depends on the classification of phlebitis and its location. In acute phlebitis, redness is noticeable, it goes in a strip along the course of the vein. A seal is felt well at the site of inflammation.

A red band forms on the skin. It may itch or ache and feel hot compared to the surrounding tissue.

There is a low-grade fever, it can be painful, to step on the leg. If the superficial vein is affected, then this is more noticeable than with damage to deep vessels, when the patient may complain of edema and pain, pulling sensations.

The clinical picture of phlebitis is directly dependent on the form and location of the inflammation.

Post-injection complications can be triggered by acute and chronic phlebitis, which affects the superficial venous walls. Signs of phlebitis in this case are reduced to the following manifestations: a feeling of vascular tension, pain in the bed of the inflamed vein, redness (in the form of stripes) and compaction of the skin area above the inflamed vein, an increase in the temperature of this area of the skin.

Acute and chronic phlebitis of deep blood vessels has the same symptoms:

pain and swelling at the site of inflammation;
milky white skin tone;
hyperthermia (local or general);
severe weakness.

The clinical picture of phlebitis is quite diverse and depends on the form and type of the disease.

Acute and chronic phlebitis of superficial veins

This form of phlebitis is often accompanied by lesions of the superficial veins of the lower extremities or is caused by complications after injections. With acute inflammation of superficial veins in the affected area, the following signs appear:

tension;
pain along the inflamed vein;
redness of the skin;
tightness of the skin;
local increase in skin temperature;
red stripes along the inflamed vessel.

Often, the acute period of the disease is accompanied by the appearance of severe weakness, fever and dizziness. In the chronic form of superficial phlebitis, the symptoms are not so pronounced and appear only with an exacerbation of the disease.

During remission, the patient may experience unreasonable weakness and a slight increase in body temperature.

Acute and chronic deep vein phlebitis

This form of phlebitis is often accompanied by damage to the deep veins of the lower extremities. In case of acute inflammation in the affected area, the following signs appear:

pain;
swelling;
redness, local hyperthermia and skin tightening are not observed;
the skin becomes milky white;
temperature increase;
severe weakness.

Often, acute deep vein phlebitis is complicated by thrombophlebitis. At chronic course of this form of the disease, the above symptoms appear during an exacerbation.

Phlebitis of the penis

With inflammation of the veins of the penis, the following symptoms are observed:

swelling of the skin;
Severe, painful lump on the dorsum of the penis
redness and pain in the area of the induration;
spread of edema to the foreskin and scrotum;
the penis is in a semi-erect state.

In most cases, the disease responds well to treatment and disappears without a trace. With the development of cicatricial complications, the penis may remain edematous forever.

Cerebral phlebitis

Inflammation of the cerebral vessels is accompanied by the following symptoms:

intense headache;
increased blood pressure;
severe weakness;
neurological symptoms: confusion, sleep disturbances, fainting, speech disorders, etc.

Pylephlebitis

With inflammation of the portal vein, the patient has pronounced signs of purulent intoxication:

a sharp deterioration in the general condition;
growing weakness;
vomit;
headache;
jaundice;
cramping pain in the liver;
hectic fever;
pouring sweat and violent chills.

Often, pylephlebitis becomes the cause of death, and with the transition of the disease to a chronic form, the patient develops renal and hepatic failure.

As for the symptoms, there are two symptoms common to all types of phlebitis of the lower extremities - pain and hyperemia along the damaged vein.

There are two main types of phlebitis: deep vein thrombophlebitis and superficial phlebitis (deep and superficial veins).

Regarding deep vein thrombophlebitis, it should be noted that it is very dangerous for blood clots to enter the lungs, in this case hospitalization is required.

Fever, pain in the area of injury is noted.

In the case of acute superficial phlebitis, the vein is painful, tense. The skin over such a vein turns red and thickens. Local hyperthermia, red stripes in places of the inflammatory process are possible.

Observes fever, weakness. Acute phlebitis of the lower extremities of deep veins is observed with general hyperthermia, pain and swelling at the sites of inflammation. The skin at the site of the lesion is pale, without seals and redness.

For the chronic form of phlebitis of superficial veins, smoothed clinical manifestations are characteristic, the course of the disease is accompanied by relapses and exacerbations.

Cerebral phlebitis is manifested by symptoms such as: headache, high blood pressure, neurological symptoms.

An even more dangerous disease is deep vein thrombosis, which is also called phlebothrombosis. Symptoms, as in other cases, depend on where exactly the thrombus is located, as well as on how much the vein is blocked by it.

And if deep vein thrombophlebitis, the symptoms of which are quite pronounced in manifestations, leads to a certain alertness of the patient and simply a forced need to take measures regarding treatment, then deep vein thrombosis has a minimally pronounced pain syndrome, a slight bluish color and swelling.

Diagnostics

With phlebitis of deep veins, the doctor can be guided by the examination and complaints of the patient, for example: subfebrile condition, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, pain. Sometimes tissue edema, itching along the vein may bother you.

It is imperative to take a blood test and undergo an ultrasound scan. Duplex angioscanning is the main diagnostic method for this disease. Since with phlebitis of deep veins, it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis. It allows you to exclude oncology and other problems.

The most common cause is varicose veins, but there are isolated cases of other causes of inflammation. The older the patient's age, the more the veins wear out, so phlebitis may bother more often.

Usually, the diagnosis of phlebitis of superficial and deep veins is straightforward. Based on the patient's complaints and examination of the affected veins, the phlebologist can recognize the disease, but to identify other forms and types of venous inflammation and to exclude the development of complications, the patient is assigned a comprehensive examination.

For the diagnosis of phlebitis, the following laboratory and instrumental types of research can be prescribed:

blood tests: general, coagulogram, prothrombin index, C-reactive protein, thromboelastogram;
duplex ultrasound angioscanning;
Ultrasound of vessels of other organs;
phlebography, etc.

If you suspect the development of thrombophlebitis, the patient may be recommended to conduct more accurate instrumental studies:

phlebomanometry;
CT phlebography with contrast;
phleboscintigraphy, etc.

Treatment

With phlebitis, complex conservative therapy is carried out. Phlebitis of superficial veins in some cases is treated by a phlebologist on an outpatient basis. With phlebitis of other localizations, hospitalization is usually indicated.

The affected limb needs complete rest, an elevated position. The patient is prescribed drugs that improve wall nutrition and reduce blood viscosity. General and local anti-inflammatory treatment, physiotherapy procedures are carried out. After stopping the acute process and exacerbation of chronic phlebitis of the lower extremities, it is recommended to use compression hosiery or elastic bandages.

Preventive measures depend on the location of phlebitis. It is necessary to strictly follow the rules for intravenous infusions and injections, timely treat pustular diseases, inflammation and minor injuries.

Patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities should follow the doctor's recommendations.

Treatment of phlebitis is often conservative, but in rare cases, surgery may be offered. Various types are used medicines, such as tablets and ointments, antibiotics in injections can be prescribed, elastic bandaging is mandatory if there is no infection.

In addition, physiotherapy and blood thinning drugs are prescribed. You need to know that without examination, drinking Aspirin and similar medications is not worth it, be sure to donate blood for analysis.

Continuous use of this medication affects the stomach, so take it after meals or with milk.

What exactly is used for treatment:

Ointments Heparin, Troxevasin;
To relieve inflammation of the veins can be used: Aspirin, Butadion, Reopirin;
To restore the walls of blood vessels are used: Curantil, Trental, Eskuzan, Detralex, Phlebodia, Glivenol;
Physiotherapy must be prescribed: UHF, darsonvalization, diadynomic currents;
With severe redness and identification of a focus of infection, antibiotics may be prescribed;
Hirudotherapy - has been used as a treatment option for a long time, but not everyone is suitable;
Peace must be created for the legs. During an exacerbation, you should not walk a lot. As pain relief, compression hosiery or elastic bandage may be prescribed;
Be sure to establish proper nutrition, do not allow blood to stagnate in the veins, it is imperative to give up bad habits, especially smoking.

Surgical treatment can be gentle - sclerotherapy of veins, removal of them with a laser, or the usual phlebectomy operation. It is used for thrombophlebitis of superficial vessels.

In this case, the area of veins most affected by blood clots is removed. The operation does not guarantee that there will be no more blood clots in the new areas of the vessels, therefore it is done only for very serious indications.

Treatment of phlebitis of superficial veins can be carried out on an outpatient basis, but for other forms of the disease, the patient needs hospitalization. The patient is provided with peace (if a limb is damaged, it is given an elevated position).

For the treatment of phlebitis, the patient is prescribed conservative therapy, which includes taking medications, physiotherapy techniques and adherence to certain rules.

With the development of non-suppurative inflammation of the veins, which was caused by catheterization or puncture of the vessel, only pain relievers are used.

The complex of drug therapy may include such medications:

antibiotics (for inflammation caused by an infection);
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Ketoprofen, Ibuprofen, Dicloberl;
drugs for local treatment: Heparin ointment, Troxevasin, Trombophobe, Venobene, Dolgit cream, Voltaren, etc.;
drugs to improve microcirculation: Actovegin, Solcoseryl, Vasaprostan, Trental, Reopolyglyukin, Curantil, Pentoxifylline;
drugs to reduce blood viscosity: Aspirin, Cardiomagnet, etc.;
drugs to lower the level of prothrombin: Phenilan, Dikumarin;
antihistamines: Suprastin, Pipolfen, Cetrin, Tavegil.

The selection of drugs, their dosage and duration of use are determined individually, depending on the form and severity of the disease.

reflexology;
infrared irradiation;
sollux;
acupuncture;
laser therapy;
pharmacopuncture;
magnetotherapy;
mud baths and applications.

be sure to quit smoking;
at the risk of developing thrombophlebitis, gradually expand motor activity;
after elimination of acute inflammation, wear compression hosiery.

Having considered all possible ways to get rid of phlebitis, the following theses can be cited:

Treatment of phlebitis, like thrombophlebitis, is carried out in individually, for which a whole range of measures is used: hirudotherapy, phyto- and reflexotherapy, physiotherapy in various versions, etc. Thrombophlebitis treatment involves the need to wear elastic bandages and compression garments.

With phlebitis of superficial veins, treatment can be performed on an outpatient basis, while other localization options are relevant, patients are subject to hospitalization.

In particular, the therapy provides for complete rest, as well as being in an elevated position. Prescribed drugs that provide nutrition to the walls of the veins and help reduce the level of blood viscosity. In addition, anti-inflammatory treatment is carried out at the general and local level.

To diagnose and prescribe appropriate treatment if you suspect phlebitis or thrombophlebitis, you must contact a phlebologist.

Thrombophlebitis is phlebitis (inflammation) of a vein caused by a blood clot (blood clot). Speaking about this disease, we most often mean phlebitis of the venous walls of the lower extremities, caused by a thrombus formed in the lumen of the vein.

Thrombophlebitis is diagnosed visually, an external examination of the affected area does not need further examinations, but sometimes it may be necessary to observe the pulse, temperature, pressure, study the condition of the skin and blood circulation.

As alternative way often consider the treatment of thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities with folk remedies at various stages of the disease.

Most of the described alternative methods of treating thrombosis are quite simple, recipes contain components that are available to everyone. Here are some of the most popular recipes.

Honey compress: spread honey over linen fabric and apply to the affected areas: in the first 3 days for 2-4 hours a day, then you can leave it overnight. You should wrap your leg with something warm over the honey cloth, secured with a bandage.

Cabbage compress is very effective for thrombosis, hematomas. It is done like this: slightly beat off the cabbage leaf and notch sharp knife, on one side, grease the sheet with honey or vegetable oil, apply to the affected area, cover with a natural cloth and secure with a bandage.

Keep such a compress as long as possible, if possible, then 24 hours. The effect will be noticeable after the first application, but the treatment must be continued for a month.

Paradoxically, with thrombophlebitis and phlebitis, the banal iodine mesh relieves inflammation of the walls of the veins and pain syndrome. The fact remains, although modern pharmacology cannot explain why this happens.

The inflammatory process is removed by a compress imposed along the vein with buckwheat ground into flour. For phlebitis, the following herbal preparations have worked well.

Strengthens the walls of the venous walls of red beet tops: dry and fresh. Take 100 grams of fresh tops or 50 grams of dry and pour a liter of boiling water overnight. Strain in the morning and take 150 ml. after every meal.

A simple way to relieve pain and relieve swelling: Sit down and arrange your leg so that the lower leg is located 10-15 centimeters above the thigh above the thigh.

When you sleep, place a pillow under your feet. Most the best option: legs during sleep are 15-20 centimeters above the level of the heart.

Composition - 1 liter of water, 100 grams of spruce resin, 1 tablespoon of quicklime, 100 grams of beeswax, 100 grams of lard. Lime must be dissolved in water, separately from it lard, resin and wax, mix and boil well.

Before use, wash your feet in lime water, then apply a bandage from a mixture of fat, resin and wax. You can also sting the affected veins with bees.

Apply 5 - 8 bees for the removal procedure over the affected areas of the veins.

Composition - medicinal mud. Healing mud will need to be heated to 30 - 35 degrees and evenly distributed over the fabric. Place these pieces of tissue on the diseased vessels for 15 - 20 minutes, then rinse everything off with warm water.

Complications

A complication of phlebitis is thrombophlebitis. This is one of the most dangerous diseases, which leads not only to blockage of veins, but also to the formation of other complications, such as trophic ulcers.

The consequence of the transferred phlebitis can be phlebosclerosis, post-thrombophlebic syndrome and stones in the veins at the site of blood clots.

Detachment of a blood clot with thrombophlebitis can pose a threat to the patient's health and life.

In severe cases, phlebitis can cause the following complications:

thrombophlebitis;
thrombosis;
TELA;
chronic venous insufficiency;
phlegmon and abscesses (with infectious phlebitis).

The main complication of phlebitis is, of course, thrombophlebitis with the risk of thrombosis of the affected vein.

Prophylaxis

Prevention of phlebitis can be skin care, treatment of injuries, removal of foci of infections. If the cause is varicose veins, then quality treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.

You need to make it a rule to conduct an annual ultrasound of the vessels of the lower extremities, take a blood test to check the coagulation system, conduct active image life, avoid stress and give up bad habits.

In addition, there are the usual rules that apply to everyone, without exception:

It is necessary to lead an active lifestyle;
Reduce weight if it is too heavy;
Women wear high heels as rarely as possible so that varicose veins do not develop;
With thick blood, take special medications prescribed by a doctor, based on acetylsalicylic acid;
Change the position of the body when standing or sitting for a long time at work;
Normalize the stool, since constipation is one of the problems of the appearance of varicose veins and thrombophlebitis in the future;
Avoid leg injuries, infections that can further provoke illness;
Wearing compression hosiery can be one of the measures to prevent illness;
Always treat diseases to the end, leaving no chance of infection.

Do not forget about products that help restore blood vessels. For example, vitamin C increases elasticity. Rutin helps to strengthen the venous wall, vitamin E gives youthfulness.

Trace elements and minerals boost immunity, which is very important for the body to fight infection. If it is not possible to eat right, then you need to purchase a complex of vitamins, such as Multitabs or Vitrum, which already have all the necessary components.

With timely therapy, phlebitis of deep and superficial veins is completely curable, therefore it is especially important to start prophylaxis on time and prevent complications.

Phlebitis is prone to relapse. Therefore, in order to prevent the re-development of the disease, it is important to follow all the recommendations of the attending physician and carry out preventive measures.

The range of preventive measures that prevent recurrent phlebitis is selected individually, and how the treatment depends on the causes and localization of the disease. There is one general recommendation for all - adherence to a healthy lifestyle. This is, first of all, giving up bad habits (especially smoking), morning exercises, playing sports (for example, visiting the pool). Replace watching TV, sitting at the computer and any other passive pastime for outdoor activities and walking in the fresh air. If you have a long way to go by car, then do not neglect the stops to warm up your legs. This will help promote normal blood circulation and prevent stagnation. Strengthen immunity through hardening, take a contrast shower - this is useful for the walls of blood vessels. Phlebitis of the lower extremities: prevention It is especially important to rest the legs. It is useful to raise the feet 10-20 cm above the level of the heart, having previously applied a tonic agent to the legs. With this position of the legs, venous blood flow improves, which prevents congestion. If for some reason you have to spend a lot of time standing, then it makes sense to wear compression underwear or elastic bandages.

An excellent prevention is the timely treatment of varicose veins. After all, people who have been diagnosed with this disease are at risk for the development of phlebitis.

Also, do not forget to monitor blood counts by regularly taking tests. This also applies to women who receive hormonal drugs, since they directly affect the viscosity of the blood and increase the factor in the development of phlebitis. It makes sense to visit a phlebologist at least once a year.

A set of preventive measures to prevent the development of repeated phlebitis is selected individually and may depend on the causes and location of the disease:

To give up smoking.
Healthy lifestyle.
Sufficient physical activity.
With varicose veins, it is necessary to regularly carry out preventive courses of treatment with Heparin ointment and wear compression hosiery.
Prophylaxis infectious diseases.
Prevention of complications with injections.
Timely treatment of purulent and infectious diseases.
Strengthening the immune system.
At risk of developing thrombophlebitis, regular monitoring of blood counts and prophylactic intake of antiplatelet agents is necessary.
Dispensary observation by a phlebologist.

Phlebitis is an extremely unpleasant and dangerous disease that, if not treated promptly, can lead to the development of severe complications. It can develop in men and women of any age and is caused by a variety of causes.

Our article will help you to suspect its onset in time, and you will be able to consult a doctor in a timely manner to prescribe treatment.

In order to prevent phlebitis, it is necessary to follow the rules for conducting injections and intravenous infusions, timely treat inflammatory processes, pustular diseases and minor injuries. With varicose veins of the lower extremities, it is necessary to visit the doctor and follow all his recommendations.

Persons prone to blood clots should stop smoking, drinking alcohol and fatty foods. A healthy lifestyle is one of the most effective preventive measures against disease recurrence.

Phlebitis is an inflammation of the walls of venous vessels, which can be located deeply or be located on the surface. The most dangerous complication of phlebitis can be thrombophlebitis of deep veins, since a blood clot formed in the vessel cavity can break off at any time and enter the lung with the blood flow.

A similar condition is treated exclusively in a hospital with the use of anticoagulants.

It is useful for patients with inflammation of the venous vessels to walk short distances. If such a patient has a long car trip, then it is better to plan the trip so that the patient has the opportunity to do small walks 5-6 times a day, this will help to avoid venous stasis and prevent the formation of clots.

Exercise and walking contribute to the emptying of venous vessels, which is very important in preventing complications of the disease.

For patients suffering from phlebitis, it is better to refuse to fly by plane, since this type of transport is associated with prolonged sitting in one place. If the flight is unavoidable, try to get a ticket for a seat near the aisle and get up regularly, taking a few steps during the flight.

Stretch stockings may help prevent blood stasis.

site - a medical portal about the heart and blood vessels. Here you will find information about the causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, traditional and folk methods treatment of cardiological diseases in adults and children. And also about how to keep the heart healthy, and the blood vessels - clean until the very old years.

Do not use the information posted on the site without first consulting your doctor!

The authors of the site are practicing medical specialists. Each article is a concentrate of them personal experience and knowledge, honed by years of study at the university, received from colleagues and in the process of postgraduate training. They not only share unique information in the articles, but also conduct a virtual appointment - they answer the questions you ask in the comments, give recommendations, help to understand the results of examinations and appointments.

All topics, even very difficult to understand topics, are presented in a simple, understandable language and are designed for readers without medical training. For your convenience, all topics are divided into headings.

Arrhythmia

According to the World Health Organization, more than 40% of people over 50 suffer from arrhythmias - heart rhythm disturbances. However, not only them. This insidious ailment is detected even in children and often in the first or second year of life. Why is he cunning? And the fact that sometimes disguises the pathology of other vital organs under heart disease. Another unpleasant feature of arrhythmia is the secrecy of the course: until the disease goes too far, you can not guess about it ...

how to detect arrhythmia at an early stage;
what forms are the most dangerous and why;
when the patient has enough, and in what cases it is impossible to do without surgery;
how and how many people live with arrhythmia;
which attacks of rhythm disturbance require an immediate call to an ambulance, and for which it is enough to take a sedative pill.

And also everything about symptoms, prevention, diagnosis and treatment different types arrhythmias.

Atherosclerosis

The fact that the main role in the development of atherosclerosis is played by an excess of cholesterol in food is written in all newspapers, but why, then, in families where everyone eats the same, only one person often gets sick? Atherosclerosis has been known for over a century, but much of its nature has remained unsolved. Is this a reason to despair? Of course not! The site's specialists tell you what success modern medicine has achieved in the fight against this ailment, how to prevent it and how to effectively treat it.

why margarine is more harmful butter for people with vascular lesions;
and how dangerous it is;
why cholesterol-free diets don't help;
what patients will have to give up for the rest of their lives;
how to avoid and maintain clarity of mind to a ripe old age.

Heart diseases

In addition to angina pectoris, hypertension, myocardial infarction and congenital heart defects, there are many other cardiac ailments that many have never heard of. Do you know, for example, that - not only the planet, but also the diagnosis? Or that a tumor can grow in the heart muscle? The heading of the same name tells about these and other heart diseases in adults and children.

and how to provide emergency care to a patient in this state;
what and what to do so that the first does not go over to the second;
why the heart of alcoholics increases in size;
what is the danger of mitral valve prolapse;
by what symptoms you can suspect heart disease in yourself and your child;
which cardiac ailments threaten women more, and which men.

Vascular disease

Vessels permeate the entire human body, so the symptoms of their defeat are very, very diverse. At first, many vascular ailments do not bother the patient much, but lead to severe complications, disability and even death. Can a person without medical education identify a vascular pathology? Of course, yes, if he knows their clinical manifestations, which this section will tell about.

In addition, it contains information:

about medicines and folk remedies for the treatment of blood vessels;
about which doctor to contact if you suspect vascular problems;
what vascular pathologies are deadly;
from which the veins are swollen;
how to keep your veins and arteries healthy for life.

Varicose veins

Varicose veins (varicose veins) is a disease in which the lumens of some veins (legs, esophagus, rectum, etc.) become too wide, which leads to impaired blood flow in the affected organ or part of the body. V neglected cases this ailment is cured with great difficulty, but at the first stage it is quite possible to curb it. How to do this, read in the heading "Varicose veins".

Click on the photo to enlarge

You will also learn from it:

what ointments exist for the treatment of varicose veins and which one is more effective;
why some patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities are forbidden by doctors to run;
and to whom it threatens;
how to strengthen the veins with folk remedies;
how to avoid blood clots in the affected veins.

Pressure

- such a common ailment that many consider it ... a normal condition. Hence the statistics: only 9% of people suffering high pressure keep it under control. And 20% of hypertensive patients consider themselves healthy at all, since their disease is asymptomatic. But the risk of getting a heart attack or stroke from this is no less! although it is less dangerous than high, it also causes a lot of problems and threatens with serious complications.

In addition, you will learn:

how to "cheat" heredity if both parents suffered from hypertension;
how to help yourself and loved ones with a hypertensive crisis;
why the pressure rises at a young age;
how to keep blood pressure under control without medication by using healing herbs and certain foods.

Diagnostics

The heading dedicated to the diagnosis of heart and vascular diseases contains articles on the types of examinations that cardiological patients undergo. And also about the indications and contraindications to them, the interpretation of the results, the effectiveness and order of the procedures.

You will also find answers to questions here:

what types of diagnostic tests should even healthy people undergo;
why angiography is prescribed for those who have suffered myocardial infarction and stroke;

Stroke

Stroke (acute cerebrovascular accident) is consistently among the ten most dangerous diseases. People over 55 years old, hypertensive patients, smokers and those who suffer from depression are at the greatest risk of developing it. It turns out that optimism and good nature reduce the risk of strokes by almost 2 times! But there are other factors that can effectively help avoid it.

The heading dedicated to strokes tells about the causes, types, symptoms and treatment of this insidious disease. And also - about rehabilitation measures that help restore lost functions to those who have had it.

In addition, from here you will learn:

the difference in the clinical manifestations of strokes in men and women;
about what a pre-stroke state is;
about folk remedies for the treatment of the consequences of strokes;
about modern techniques quick recovery after a stroke.

Heart attack

Myocardial infarction is considered a disease of older men. But the greatest danger it still poses not for them, but for people of working age and women over 75 years old. It is in these groups that the mortality rates are highest. However, no one should relax: today, heart attacks overtake even young, athletic and healthy people. More precisely, under-examined.

In the "Heart attack" heading, experts tell about everything that is important to know for everyone who wants to avoid this ailment. And those who have already suffered a myocardial infarction will find here a lot of useful advice on treatment and rehabilitation.

about what diseases a heart attack is sometimes disguised as;
how to provide emergency care for acute pain in the heart area;
about the differences in the clinic and course of myocardial infarction in men and women;
anti-infarction diet and a heart-safe lifestyle;
about why a patient with a heart attack must be brought to the doctor within 90 minutes.

Pulse disorders

When we talk about pulse disorders, we usually mean its frequency. However, the doctor assesses not only the patient's heart rate, but also other indicators of the pulse wave: rhythm, filling, tension, shape ... The Roman surgeon Galen once described as many as 27 of his characteristics!

Changes in individual pulse parameters reflect the state of not only the heart and blood vessels, but also other body systems, for example, the endocrine system. Want to know more about it? Read the materials of the section.

Here you will find answers to questions:

why, if you complain of a pulse disorder, you may be referred for an examination of the thyroid gland;
Whether slowing your heart rate (bradycardia) can cause your heart to stop
what it says and how it is dangerous;
how heart rate and fat burning rate are related to weight loss.

Operations

Many diseases of the heart and blood vessels, which even 20-30 years ago doomed people to life-long disability, are now being successfully cured. Usually surgically. Modern cardiac surgery saves even those who, until recently, did not leave any chances for life. And most of the operations are now performed through tiny punctures, and not incisions, as before. This not only gives a high cosmetic effect, but is also much easier to tolerate. And also reduces the time of postoperative rehabilitation several times.

Under the heading "Operations" you will find materials on surgical methods for treating varicose veins, vascular bypass grafting, intravascular stents, heart valve replacement and much more.

You will also learn:

what technique does not leave scars;
how operations on the heart and blood vessels affect the patient's quality of life;
what are the differences between operations and vessels;
under what diseases it is carried out and what is the duration of a healthy life after it;
what is better for heart disease - to be treated with pills and injections or to have an operation.

Rest

The "Rest" includes materials that do not correspond to the topics of other sections of the site. It contains information about rare cardiac ailments, myths, misconceptions and interesting facts related to heart health, incomprehensible symptoms of their meaning, the achievements of modern cardiology and much more.

on providing first aid to oneself and others in various emergency conditions;
about the child;
about acute bleeding and methods of stopping them;
o and eating habits;
about folk methods of strengthening and improving the cardiovascular system.

Drugs

“Preparations” is perhaps the most important section of the site. After all, the most valuable information about a disease is how to treat it. We do not give here magic recipes for curing serious ailments with one pill, we honestly and truthfully tell everything about the drugs as they are. Why are they good and what are bad, who are shown and contraindicated, how they differ from analogues and how they affect the body. These are not calls for self-treatment, it is necessary so that you are good at the "weapon" that you have to fight with the disease.

Here you will find:

reviews and comparisons of drug groups;
information about what you can take without a doctor's prescription, and what you should never take;
a list of reasons for choosing a particular remedy;
information about cheap analogues of expensive imported drugs;
data on side effects heart drugs, which manufacturers are silent about.

And many more important, useful and valuable things that will make you healthier, stronger and happier!

May your heart and blood vessels always be healthy!

Phlebitis can be very dangerous if the appropriate measures are not taken in time. So, be attentive to your health, it will help you avoid possible complications.

Phlebitis is a pathology that disrupts normal blood circulation. For the treatment of phlebitis, you can choose completely natural remedies. Unfortunately, phlebitis can cause serious health consequences. But just like any other disease, it can be prevented by maintaining an active and healthy image life.

5 most effective folk remedies for phlebitis

If the illness has already overtaken you, then you will probably be interested in what natural remedies are suitable for the treatment of phlebitis. And our today's article is just about that!

What is phlebitis?

Phlebitis is an inflammation of the veins. H Most often, this phenomenon occurs in the elderly. Phlebitis happens different types.There is a superficial it affects only the upper veins located directly under the skin (in its layers). This phlebitis does not pose a serious health hazard.

But there is another type - thrombophlebitis. This inflammation is already with blood clots. Such deep phlebitis has complications, because there is a risk that these blood clots will end up in other parts of the body. They can disrupt circulation by blocking veins. The affected tissue will begin to die off, and the outcome may even be fatal.

What causes phlebitis?

So, phlebitis develops when blood clots form, causing inflammation of the veins. A person begins to experience discomfort and pain, his body temperature rises. You may feel numbness or burning sensation, and your skin may turn red. And if you notice these symptoms in yourself, you should immediately consult a doctor to start treatment. This will help you avoid complications.

The causes of phlebitis can be different. In most cases, genetics is the determining factor. The second common reason is a sedentary lifestyle, due to which the normal blood circulation in the veins is disrupted.

Another reason is too thick blood. This is the result of the accumulation of excess amounts of toxins in the body. Finally, there are strokes, infections and being overweight. All of these conditions also contribute to the obstruction of the veins.

How to avoid the development of phlebitis?

First, you should drink at least 1.5-2 liters of water per day. Water in such an amount is, in principle, very useful (for the health of the whole organism), as it maintains the necessary level of moisture and prevents the development of many diseases.

Second, it's important to eat right. Good and balanced diet is a fundamental factor. It is recommended to frequently include in your diet foods that would promote good blood circulation. It is those that contain fiber and antioxidants, for example.

It should also be understood that foods high in trans fats, smoking and drinking alcohol are always harmful to the body. If you can quit bad habits (or at least limit them as much as possible), then you are more likely to prevent the development of phlebitis.

And if you supplement proper nutrition with exercise and daily walks, then it will be very good. Your blood circulation will improve significantly.

5 natural remedies for phlebitis

As you know, nature has medicines for all diseases, and phlebitis is no exception. Today we will tell you about the 5 most effective means for the treatment of phlebitis.

1. Cold or hot compresses

This method is used for superficial phlebitis. If you use compresses to treat headaches or muscle pains, they will work for phlebitis as well. A hot bath can also help relieve unpleasant symptoms.

What do you need?

Cold or hot water compresses

What do we have to do?

Dampen gauze or cotton cloth in cold or hot water and apply to the affected area to relieve inflammation.

The exposure time is 10 minutes, and then the compress can be changed.

2. Arnica

Arnica is a herb that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, arnica helps to improve blood circulation. An oil is obtained from it, which is ideal for the treatment of phlebitis.

What do you need?

Arnica oil (amount required)

1 tablespoon vinegar (15 ml)

What do we have to do?

Take as much arnica oil as you like and add 1 tablespoon of vinegar to it.

Apply the resulting mixture to the sore spot (for 5-10 minutes), and then rinse with water.

3. Infusion of ginkgo biloba

What do you need?

2 tablespoons ginkgo biloba or pre-made tea bags (30 g)

1 glass hot water(250 ml)

Sweetener (if you like)

What do we have to do?

Boil water and add ginkgo biloba leaves to make an infusion.

Add honey or any other sweetener of your choice, if desired.

4. Infusion of horsetail (horse tail)

The anti-inflammatory properties of this plant provide a host of benefits to the human body. In particular, x wax helps to improve blood circulation and prevents so-called "stiffness" of the arteries.

What do you need?

2 tablespoons of horsetail (30 g)

2 cups of water (500 ml)

Honey (to taste)

What do we have to do?

Boil horsetail leaves in boiling water to make an infusion. If you drink it, you can add some honey.

The second option is to take a hot bath with the addition of this infusion.

5. Pineapple

Pineapple contains an enzyme called bromelain... It is capable of breaking down proteins and is also a powerful natural anti-inflammatory agent. It is used even in the postoperative period, since it is not only relieves swelling and inflammation, but also reduces pain.

Ingredients:

4 pineapple slices

Water or natural juice

What do we have to do?

Remove the skin and then cut the pineapple into slices.

It is best to do this on an empty stomach and, if possible, every day.

As you can see, phlebitis can also be treated with natural remedies. They will not only help alleviate the condition, but will also be able to relieve you of this ailment altogether. Try it out! Published.

If you have any questions, ask them

There are many diseases of the blood vessels. Some of them are grouped into the "phlebitis" category. This is a general term for several diseases caused by different causes and affecting different parts of the veins. However, without proper treatment, they all lead to one result - thrombophlebitis or capable of causing cardiac arrest. What are the causes of this disease? How to recognize it and start treatment on time so that a sad ending does not happen? What are the preventive measures to prevent inflammation of the veins? We will try to answer all these questions in detail and clearly.

What are phlebitis

We all know that humans are divided into two main types - arteries and veins. In the first, blood rushes from the heart under pressure, in the second it enters it more calmly. Precisely because the blood in the veins does not flow under pressure, their walls are thinner than in the arteries, weaker, capable of stretching and causing various unpleasant conditions in people, such as varicose veins, hemorrhoids and others. They, in turn, provoke phlebitis. These are diseases of the veins, in which their walls become inflamed. The term phlebitis is easy to understand. It is derived from the Greek flva, which means vein.

Inflammation of their walls is an unpleasant and rather dangerous thing. It is always accompanied by pain, people have decreased performance, motor activity is impaired, and in advanced cases, thrombophlebitis develops, leading to clogging of veins with blood clots.

Classification of phlebitis by localization

As mentioned above, phlebitis is the collective name for several vein diseases. At the site of localization of diseased vessels, phlebitis of the upper and lower extremities is distinguished. Human veins are hollow tubular structures, the walls of which are formed by three layers - the strongest outer, very weak middle and inner. It is called endothelium, and its inflammation, respectively, is endophlebitis. With inflammation of the outer layer, the disease is diagnosed with periphlebitis. It is easy to decipher and remember this term if you remember that in Greek "peri" is used to denote distance from the center, in free translation "edge", "periphery".

If the middle layer is inflamed, the disease is called mesophlebitis. "Meso" in Greek means "in the middle." So here, too, everything is logical and understandable.

In practice, very rarely phlebitis is differentiated by the fact that the vein sheath is inflamed. More often, the disease is called panphlebitis, that is, general, multiple, but indicate in which of the three layers of the vein wall there are preferential lesions.

Classification by the etiology of the disease

By the nature of the course of the inflammatory process, there are also various phlebitis. It can be:

destructive necrotic (with some infectious diseases);
purulent (happens with allergic inflammation);
obliterating (proliferative moment prevails);
painful (observed in the legs of women after childbirth);
migratory, or wandering (often associated with thrombophlebitis, when blood clots travel through the vessels);
pylephlebitis (collar vein becomes inflamed).

Phlebitis can be named by the name of the primary disease that led to inflammatory processes in the veins:

tuberculous;
syphilitic;
actinomycotic and others.

This classification is very important in determining the correct treatment.

Classification by the nature of the course of the disease

Depending on the location of the problem blood vessels in the body, phlebitis of superficial and phlebitis of deep veins is distinguished. If the disease has affected the vessels located close to the surface of the body, hyperthermia (redness, fever) is observed on the skin at the site of the inflamed vein. Inflammation of deep-seated veins is especially dangerous because it places higher demands on diagnosis and treatment.

Patients have edema and pallor of the skin in the area of inflamed vessels, general hyperthermia, weakness, pain. All these signs are well expressed if the patient is diagnosed with acute phlebitis of the lower extremities. The photo above shows a change in skin color along the problem vein.

If the disease has become chronic, it can proceed with little or no symptoms. At first glance, this is not so serious, but chronic phlebitis is insidious precisely because of its seeming well-being, thanks to which patients do not go to the doctor and do not carry out treatment. In the meantime, the disease gradually turns into neglected forms that are difficult to respond to drug therapy.

Causes

Phlebitis on the upper and lower extremities is caused by different reasons. Most often, this disease on the legs is caused by complications of varicose veins, and phlebitis on the arm appears after unsuccessful intravenous injections or insufficient disinfection of the injection site. But there are a number of common causes of inflammation in the venous walls, both of the upper and lower extremities.

These include:

vascular injury, including burns of any kind;
infectious diseases;
high sensitivity of the venous walls;
allergic inflammation;
some heart disease;
predisposition to blood clots;
lowered immunity;
blood clotting problems (acquired or hereditary).

Artificial phlebitis

With varicose veins in last years a method of treatment called sclerotherapy is actively used. It consists in the fact that artificial (not associated with infection) phlebitis is caused in patients. Inflammation does not occur in this case. The sclerotherapy procedure is almost painless and quite effective. On an outpatient basis, patients are injected with a syringe into the problem areas of the veins with special drugs ("Thrombovar", "Ethoxyclerol" and others), which cause adhesion of the walls of blood vessels. It dissolves on its own within 5-6 months.

How true phlebitis occurs

The mechanism of development of this disease can be twofold. In some cases, problems first appear in the vein, and then the inflammation spreads to the surrounding tissues. In other cases, on the contrary, a person initially has an abscess of any body tissues, which subsequently affects the walls of the vein, that is, phlebitis develops as a complication of the underlying disease. The photo below represents what inflammation of the venous vessels of the ankle with varicose veins can look like.

Phlebitis caused by pathogenic microorganisms are obtained as follows: viruses or microbes, having penetrated into a venous blood vessel, move with the blood stream until they attach to its wall in some place. This mainly happens where the veins are abnormal (dilated, s, and the like), but it can also occur in places where the veins are normal and perfectly healthy.

Phlebitis, symptoms

The general symptoms of this disease include:

soreness of an inflamed vein or an entire limb;
general malaise, weakness;
discoloration of the skin at the site of inflammation;
temperature rise (local, and sometimes general);
tightening of the skin in the problem area;
with phlebitis of the lower extremities, symptoms of varicose veins (heaviness in the legs, swelling, ulcers) may be observed.

However, if cerebral phlebitis is observed, the symptoms and treatment are somewhat different. So, patients complain of increased pressure, headache, dizziness, visual disturbances, perception of the world around them.

Pylephlebitis (inflammation in the peritoneum) also has slightly different symptoms, in which there are:

weakness;
fever;
vomit;
ascites;
severe pain in the liver;
yellowness of the skin;
headache;
chills;
enlargement of the liver, spleen;
anuria;
threadlike pulse;
low blood pressure;
swelling of the limbs;
bloating of the intestines.

This condition, without timely action, leads to the death of the patient.

Diagnostics

Regardless of where the phlebitis occurs - on the arm, on the lower limbs or in the collar zone, the diagnosis includes:

examination by a doctor or at least a therapist, if there are no doctors of narrow specialties in the local medical institution);
collection of anamnesis;
general or extended blood test, if there is a suspicion of the presence of an infectious disease;
allowing you to get all the necessary information about the veins located anywhere in the body;
Doppler ultrasound of veins.

Hand phlebitis treatment

If there is no indication for immediate hospitalization ( high temperature, dizziness, loss of consciousness, acute heart failure, too high blood pressure), treatment of phlebitis on the arm, due to the fact that it is almost never complicated by thrombosis, is carried out on an outpatient basis. The patient is prescribed rest, it is advisable to fix the problem hand so that there is no increased blood flow to the inflamed area. Therapy is carried out medication, taking into account the cause of the disease. So, if the inflammation is caused by a viral infection, drugs that fight viruses are prescribed, and antibiotics are prescribed for bacterial phlebitis. In any case, the patient is prescribed:

anti-inflammatory drugs;
drugs that strengthen the walls of veins and improve blood circulation (for example, "Trental");
topically ointments that relieve fever, redness, swelling and pain;
blood thinning drugs;
analgesics.

Treatment of phlebitis of the lower extremities

Inflammation of the vessels in the legs is often the result of varicose veins and is fraught with a transition to thrombophlebitis, leading to thrombosis. A blood clot reaching the heart can cause sudden cardiac arrest and death of the patient. Therefore, if acute phlebitis (inflammation of deep or superficial veins) and thrombophlebitis are diagnosed in the lower extremities, the patient may be offered hospitalization without severe symptoms such as dizziness and loss of consciousness. An elastic bandage is applied to the diseased limb, acute pain is stopped, medications are prescribed that regulate blood flow, improve the elasticity of the vein walls, physiotherapy procedures are performed, and in special cases, surgical intervention is prescribed.

Treatment of other types of phlebitis

The success of the treatment of pylephlebitis depends on the speed and accuracy of the diagnosis. Very often the patient is assigned surgery to remove the source of purulent inflammation (appendix, gallbladder, abscess excision). In parallel, drug treatment is carried out (antibiotics, detoxifiers, sorbents, fortifying).

With cerebral phlebitis, patients are usually hospitalized. Treatment of this disease is aimed at normalizing blood pressure, relieving pain syndromes, normalizing blood flow and strengthening the walls of veins. Therapy is also given to maintain normal brain function.

Treatment of migratory phlebitis is performed by crossectomy (removal of the affected area of the vein). The formed blood clots can be removed surgically, but enzymes that dissolve the blood clot are more often used. They are inserted into a vein with a special catheter. From the hospital, the patient is discharged home to continue treatment on an outpatient basis after the removal of inflammation and the achievement of a consistently satisfactory condition of the patient.

Prophylaxis

Phlebitis, that is, inflammation of the walls of a vein, can happen in every person. To reduce the risk of developing the disease, you need to follow these recommendations:

follow the rules for performing intravenous injections;
if possible, avoid trauma to the veins, and if they happen, treat it correctly;
in the presence of infectious diseases, comply with all the requirements of the doctor and not self-medicate;
those suffering from varicose veins - strictly follow the recommendations of the treating specialists;
having a syndrome of high blood viscosity - avoid eating spinach, soy, rose hips - products that further increase the viscosity;
it is imperative to lead such a lifestyle so that the body receives moderate physical activity.