ANCIENT ASIA
Pergamum - the great city of antiquity
The German engineer Karl Human came to Turkey at the invitation of the Sultan to build bridges and roads. Human hired forty diggers, climbed the mountain with them and was the first to hit the dry, cracked earth with a spade... Just like that, during construction work, ancient Pergamon and the greatest monument of Hellenistic art, the Altar of Zeus, were discovered.
Pergamum was considered the third largest city ancient world(after Rome and Alexandria). It became famous for its magnificent architecture, library, which rivaled that of Alexandria, museum of sculpture, scientific schools And largest center theatrical art.
This magnificent city was born as a result of a banal betrayal. After the death of Alexander the Great, one of his associates, Lysimachus, seized almost the entire treasury of the former world conqueror, which consisted of countless treasures once looted in Persepolis, India and Babylon. To store the treasury, the treacherous Lysimachus chose the dungeons of the small, impregnable fortress of Pergamon on the top of a cliff. To this day, corridors carved into solid stone have been preserved there, where the treasures of the Macedonian king were stored. Lysimachus entrusted the protection of the treasures to his servant, the eunuch Phileteros. But the servant, in turn, appropriated the treasury and, in order to keep it, went over to the side of Seleucus I, the enemy of Lysimachus. All these events took place in 287 BC.
Under King Attalus I, a descendant of Seleucus, in 240, Pergamum dared to declare independence, but to be sure, it entered into an alliance with Rome and subsequently proved itself to be its faithful ally.
Altar of Zeus from Pergamon
The kingdom of Pergamon became the most powerful in Asia Minor, but the greatness of the state and its Attalid kings was short-lived. In 133 BC. Attalus died childless, bequeathing the kingdom to the Romans. The king’s strange decision caused a storm of emotions, but what could be expected from a misanthrope and cruel tyrant, who free time engaged in the cultivation of poisonous plants.
The capital of the Attalids was located 30 km from the Mediterranean coast and was located on a three-hundred-meter cliff that separated two tributaries of the Kaik River - Selinunte and Ketius. Over time, the rock ledges were turned into spacious terraces. In fact, Greek architects built three cities one above the other, connecting them with staircases with belvederes and terraces bearing two-story porticoes that blended well with the landscape.
In the upper city, the administrative quarter, there was a double agora - a square with the Temple of Dionysus. On its upper platform stood a large altar of Zeus and Athena - a building remarkable both for its size and the beauty of its sculptural decoration, as well as the sanctuary of Pallas Athena, bounded on both sides by porticos. On the same site there was also a library, and at the very top there was a palace and an extensive arsenal. A little lower under the terrace there was a theater.
In the middle city there was a magnificent gymnasium, an educational institution for noble youths, built on different levels connected by wide staircases and underground passages, as well as temples of Demeter and Hera. The lower city, with a vast square surrounded by a two-story colonnade, was a commercial center and the abode of most of the 120,000 population.
Pergamon owed its wealth, success and fame not only to trade, but mainly to the presence of rich lands where they grew bread, olives, grapes, and also engaged in selective livestock farming. In Pergamum itself they produced fragrant oils, fine linen and gold brocade, as well as “paper” of their own invention - parchment. The people lived richly, and free citizens thanked the gods for this every day.
The inhabitants of Pergamon did not skimp and erected the richest altar in the Greek world, dedicated to Zeus. It was a platform made of snow-white marble, square in plan. Along three walls there was a marble ribbon of relief, and from the fourth a staircase led to a platform surrounded by a colonnade. There was a marble altar on the site. The relief frieze of the Pergamon Altar depicts the battle of the gods with the giants. The sculptors of Pergamon created a magnificent frieze that decorated the altar and reproduced the battle of the gods and the giants who rebelled against them. The figure of Zeus surpasses the others in size and strength. Armed with lightning, the supreme god fights three giants at once. The Thunderer crushes his enemies, and they die in terrible torment. The altar was already recognized in its time as an outstanding work of art.
Also brought glory to the city famous library. In the cool halls, niches lined with cedar were built in the marble walls. They kept 200 thousand scrolls with the works of Greek philosophers and poets, the works of geographers, and the sacred books of Persian, Egyptian and Jewish priests.
The head of the Pergamon Library, scientist Crates of Malossus, was the first in the world to put forward a hypothesis about the location of four land masses on the surface of the spherical Earth, separated by stripes of oceans. Around 168-165 BC. he made a large globe, on which he depicted four land masses, symmetrically located in relation to each other: in the Northern Hemisphere, he placed the Oikoumene (inhabited earth) known to the Greeks in the form of an unfolded cloak and the land of the Perieks (“living nearby”) - a prototype of North America; on the other side of the equatorial ocean, which occupied a wide strip between the tropics, the land of the Anteks was placed - the prototype of Australia, and next to it the land of the antipodes - the prototype of South America.
Until the beginning of the 20th century. residents of the Turkish city of Bergama had no idea that they were living on the ruins of a great city Ancient world, they were simply not interested in them. Moreover, pieces of marble with traces of sculptural images, which were dug up by Turkish peasants, were burned into lime.
The Pergamon Altar is one of the treasures of the great city of the Ancient World. The library contained numerous manuscripts on medicine, because Pergamum was considered the center of medical science and healing. The townspeople erected a hospital outside the city walls and decorated it with a meaningful inscription: “In the name of the gods, death is prohibited from entering.” The sick took baths in bronze-trimmed pools, drank healing waters, and the hands of skilled massage therapists and fragrant rubs restored strength to weakened muscles. In the health resort you could relax in the shade of the galleries, sitting on stone benches or leaning against a column. Special mouthpieces were hidden under the arches here, and through them the voices of invisible psychotherapists were heard. They convinced patients to forget their illnesses, not to think about sorrows and physical suffering, and to suppress the disease with the power of their own spirit.
In 133, Pergamum became the capital of the Roman province of Asia, and the Roman rulers also spared no expense in decorating the city. The gigantic temple of Emperor Trajan grew on the Acropolis. Each of its columns was twice as high as the temple of Athena, which stood nearby.
In the 3rd century. On the terrace of the theater a temple was erected in honor of Emperor Caracalla, who came to be treated by the famous Pergamon doctors. This temple was small, but decorated with precious colored marble.
The Romans built two more theaters in Pergamon for 25 and 35 thousand spectators, so that the city had more theater seats than spectators.
But in 713, the wonderful city of Asia Minor was destroyed by the Arabs. Pergamum, which, according to the historian Pliny the Elder, was the “teacher of Rome,” disappeared into oblivion forever.
This text is an introductory fragment.800-100 thousand years ago
Acheulian pebble culture in East Asia
800-100 thousand years ago
Remains of an ancient Sinanthropus man in the Zhoukoudian Cave (China)
400-200 thousand years ago
Acheulean sites in Kurdistan (Iraq)
100-40 thousand years ago.
Mousterian era. Siberian-Mongolian Mousterian region in Southern Siberia
100-40 thousand years ago
Burial of a boy in the Teshik-Tash cave (Uzbekistan)
100-40 thousand years ago
East Asian Mousterian region
OK. 35 thousand years ago
The formation of modern humans (Homo sapiens - reasonable man) - remains in the Es-Tabun and Es-Shoul caves in Palestine
35-10 thousand years ago.
Central Asian Upper Paleolithic region
35-10 thousand years ago
Ordos Upper Paleolithic culture (China)
14-11 thousand years ago
Afontova Gora, Shulbinka and other Upper Paleolithic sites in Southern Siberia
10-6 thousand years ago
Microlithic cultures in Central Asia (Jebel, Kailyu, Dam-Dam-Chashme; Gissar culture in Tajikistan) and Central Asia
5 thousand years ago - 2nd thousand BC
Neolithic of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Kelterminarskaya, Dzheitunskaya, Gissarskaya
and Atbasar culture of farmers and early pastoralists
5-4th millennium BC
Neolithic in China, Yanshao culture
5-4th millennium BC
Agricultural settlements of the Mediterranean (Byblos, Tire, Sidon, Tripolis)
4th millennium BC
Chalcolithic in Northern India
4th millennium BC
Irrigation agriculture in the lower reaches of the Euphrates. Sumerian settlements in Mesopotamia
Con. 4th millennium BC
The emergence of proto-Elamite writing. The most ancient written monuments in Mesopotamia
2900-2750 BC.
Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia. Pictographic letter. The first cities in Mesopotamia - Sumer, Ashur
2750-2315 BC.
Early Dynastic period. City-states of Uruk, Nippur, Lagash in Mesopotamia
2750-2300 BC.
Bronze Age culture of Namazga IV in Central Asia
2500-1500 BC.
Early state culture of Mohenjo-Darshi and Harappa in the Indus Valley (India)
2003-1585 BC.
Old Babylonian kingdom
3rd millennium BC
City-states of Elam (Iran)
3rd millennium BC
Chalcolithic in Syria, Palestine, Caucasus, Iran and Central Asia
3-2nd millennium BC
The beginning of the formation of the Great Silk Road
Beginning of the 2nd millennium BC
Formation of slave states in Phenicia and Syria
1792-1750 BC.
Unification of Mesopotamia under the rule of King Hamurappi of Babylon
1700-1200 BC.
Andronovo culture in Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan
1600-1400 BC.
Pre-state Shan culture in China. The emergence of hieroglyphic writing
OK. 1600 BC
Hittite campaigns in Syria and Babylonia, sack of Babylon (1595 BC)
Ser. 2nd millennium BC
Penetration of the Aryans into India
1400-1027 BC.
Yin State in Northern China
Beginning XIV century BC.
Creation of the Assyrian Empire
XIV-XII centuries BC.
Middle Elamite Kingdom. Rise of Elamite culture
1300-1250 BC.
Formation of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah
Con. XIII century-XI century.
The invasion of the “peoples of the sea” from the Balkan Peninsula through the Aegean Sea into Western Asia, their destruction of the Hittite state
XII-XI centuries BC. Rise of Assyria
XII-XI centuries BC.
Slave states in the upper Ganges valley
XII-XI centuries BC.
Penetration of Aramaic tribes into Northern Syria, Mesopotamia and Iran
1146-1105 BC.
Nebuchadnezzar I in Babylonia. Temporary strengthening of Babylon
1127-771 BC.
Western Zhou Empire in China
Beginning 1st millennium BC
The appearance of Iranian-speaking tribes in Iran, and the Chaldean tribes in Babylonia
965-928 BC.
King Solomon of Israel
928-587 BC.
Kingdom of Judah
900-600s BC.
Reconstruction of Assyria, campaigns of the Assyrians. Expansion of the Assyrian power and its subjugation of Mesopotamia, the Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa(Syria, Babylonia, Iran, Elam, Israel, Egypt)
X century BC.
The emergence of the state of Urartu
Con. IX-beginning VIII century BC.
Campaigns of the Urartian kings in Transcaucasia
770-249 BC.
Eastern Zhou Empire in China
722-481 BC.
Pego period ("Many Kingdoms") in China
700-500 BC.
Khorezm state in Central Asia
700-300 BC.
Cultures of the Scythian-Siberian circle: Sauromatian, Saka (Central Asia and Kazakhstan), Tatar (Southern Siberia), Khyuk (Tuva), Pazyryk (Altai)
Con. VIII-beginning VII century BC.
The emergence of the Achaemenid state, dependent on Elam
689 BC
Destruction of Babylon by the Assyrians. Buddha Shakyamuni - the founder of Buddhism
680-669 BC.
Assyrian king Esarhaddon, the period of greatest power of the Assyrian power
672-670 BC.
Formation of the Median Achaemenid Kingdom
Between 640 and 625 BC.
Subjugation of the kingdom by Media. Beginning of the Median conquests
626-539 BC.
Neo-Babylonian kingdom. Chaldean dynasty
612-605 BC.
The fall of Assyria, the division of its possessions between Media and the Neo-Babylonian kingdom
OK. 610-590 BC.
Inclusion of the Urartian and Scythian kingdoms into the Media
VII century BC.
Scythian invasions of Media and Palestine
590-585 BC.
War between Media and Lydia
586 BC
The defeat of the Kingdom of Judah by Babylon, the destruction of Jerusalem
551-479 BC.
Confucius - Chinese thinker
550-330 BC.
Achaemenid State (Forward Asia, Bactria Sogd, Khorezm)
530 BC
The campaign of the Achaemenid Cyrus II against the Massagetae and his death
522-520 BC.
Revolts against the Achaemenids in Babylonia, Media, Egypt, Elam, Margiana, Parthia
518-512 BC.
Capture of Thrace, Macedonia, North-West India by the Achaemenids
500-449 BC.
Greco-Persian Wars.
VI century BC.
Strengthening the state of Magadha in Northern India
Con. VI-V centuries BC.
Spread of Buddhism and Jainism in India
Perv. floor. 1st millennium BC
Creation of the ancient Aryan epic "Avesta"
OK. 403-221 BC.
Zhanguo (Warring States) period in China
V century BC.
Subjugation of the kingdoms of Koshali and Vrija in India by Magadha
V-IV centuries BC.
Tribal alliances of the Xiongnu and Donghu in Central Asia
334-324 BC.
Eastern campaign of Alexander the Great
323 BC
The death of Alexander the Great and the division of his power
305 BC
Formation of the Seleucid state in Iran
Con. IV century BC.
Education in Asia Minor of the states of Pergamum, Cappadocia, Vibinia, Pontus
IV-III centuries BC.
Unification of China, creation of the Qin Empire. State of Dinlin among the Tatar tribes
268-231 BC.
Reign of Ashoka. The rise of the Mauryan state, the conquests of Ashoka
221 BC
Creation of the Qin Empire in China. Chinese conquest of East Turkestan
220 BC-mid. Ill in. AD
Satavahan Power in Central India
OK. 214 BC
Completion of the Great Wall of China
209 BC
Hun Shanyu Mode united the Xiongnu, forming the Xiongnu power
209-202 BC.
Chinese Civil War
206 BC - 8 AD
Western Han Dynasty (China)
205-201 BC.
Conquest of Southern Siberia by the Xiongnu power, Tashtyk culture in Altai.
200 BC
Xiongnu invasion of China
111 c. BC.
The Dinlins were forced out of Central Asia into Southern Siberia by the Huns
Con. 2nd century BC.
Formation of the state of Andhra in southern India
192-188 BC.
Antiochus III's war with Rome. The beginning of the decline of the Seleucid Empire
Ser. II century BC.
Strengthening of Parthia, capture of Media, Mesopotamia, Persis and Bactria by Mithridates I
Tue floor. II century BC - 1st century AD
Kangyu State
Second half of the 2nd century. BC.
Rise of the Pontic Kingdom
154 BC
"Mutiny of the Seven Wangs" in China
140-87 BC.
Rise of the Han Empire under Liu Che
136 BC
Proclamation of Confucianism as official doctrine in China
133 BC
Annexation of the Kingdom of Pergamon by the Romans
124-119 BC.
China's wars against the Xiongnu
104-99 BC.
The struggle of the Davan state against the expansion of China
70-60s BC.
Strengthening the Wusun state
64 BC
Establishment of Roman power over all of Asia Minor. Formation of the provinces of Bithynia, Pontus and Syria
53 BC
The Shanyu of the Southern Huns, Huhanye, recognized himself as a vassal of China.
28 BC
Conquest of Magandi by the Andhras
9-25
Overthrow of the Han Dynasty by Wang Mang. Xing ("New") Dynasty in China
25-220
Period of the Younger (Eastern) Han dynasty (China).
15 -IV century
Kushan kingdom
17-28 years
Uprisings of the “Red Eyebrows”, “Dwellers of the Green Forests”, “Black Calves” and others in China
26-39 years
Decrees of Emperor Guang Wu Ti restricting slavery (China)
33
The crucifixion of Jesus Christ on Golgotha on the outskirts of Jerusalem. The beginning of the preaching of Christianity by the apostles
'93
The fall of the northern Xiongnu power. Formation of the Xianbei Empire
Beginning of the 2nd century
The center of the Kushan Empire moves to India
114-117
The campaign of the Roman emperor Trajan against Parthia. Capture of the capital of Parthia Ctesiphon
157-160
The departure of the Xiongnu to the west
184-208
Rebellion of the Yellow Turbans in China
194-198
War of Rome with Parthia. Formation of the Roman province of Mesopotamia
II century
Spread of Buddhism in Central Asia
220-265 (280)
Sanguo (Three Kingdoms) period in China. Collapse of the empire into the states of Wei, Wu and Shi
223-229
The collapse of the Parthian state, the transfer of power in Iran to the Sassanids
235
Collapse of the Xianbei Empire in Central Asia
230s
Weakening and beginning of the collapse of the Kushan Empire.
265-316
Western Jin Empire in China
III-IV centuries
Tangut tribes in Eastern Tibet
306 -337
The reign of Emperor Constantine, the political center moves to the Eastern Roman Empire
317-420 Eastern Jin Empire in Southern China
330 g.
Founding of Constantinople
Perv. floor. IV century I
Strengthening the Palladian state in India
351-363
War between Iran and Rome. Sassanid victories
386-535
Northern Wei State
395
The final division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern (Byzantium)
Con. IV-V centuries
The rise of the Gupta power under Chandragupta II. Subjugation of Punjab and Western India by the Guptas
402
The Rouran leader Shelun took the title of Daudai Kagan. Formation of the Rouran Khaganate
420-589
Period of Northern and Southern Dynasties in China
443
The campaign of the leader of the Huns Attila to Constantinople
Tue floor. V century
Formation of the early feudal state in Japan
457-567
Hephthalite Power in Central Asia
484
Iran's defeat in the fight against the Hephthalites
Con. V in
Collapse of the Gupta State in India
504
Recognition of Buddhism as the state religion in China
527-565
Rise of Byzantium under Justinian I
540-562
Persian-Byzantine War. Sassanid invasion of Syria and Asia Minor
547
Formation of the Great Turkic Khaganate
552
Defeat of the Rouran Khaganate by the Altai Turks
581-618
Sui Dynasty in China
589
Unification of China by Emperor Wendi
VI century
Formation of the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz
VI-VII centuries
The emergence of Rajput principalities in India
602
Vietnamese uprising against the Sui Empire
603
Collapse of the Great Turkic Khaganate into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and the Western Turkic Khaganate 605
Creation of the teles state in Dzungaria
610g.
The beginning of the preaching of the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca
622
The resettlement of Muhammad and his supporters from Mecca to Medina, the beginning of the Muslim chronology (Hijra)
628
The campaign of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius I against Iran
628-907
Unification of China by Li Shimin. Tang Dynasty
630
Submission of Mecca to Muhammad, formation of the Arab Caliphate
630-647
The defeat of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate by China. Formation of the Tokuzoguz Khaganate (tele-sanyato)
630-659
The struggle of the Western Turkic Khaganate against the Tang Empire
632-651
Reign of Yazdegird in Iran, fall of the Sasanian state
633-651
Arab conquest of Iran
634-640
Arab conquest of Palestine, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia
636-637
Arab invasion of India
648-681
Dependence of the Uyghur Khaganate on China (“1 3 provinces”).
649,661-674, 685-687,680-697
Revolts against the Arabs in various parts of Iran and Arabia
Perv. floor. VII century
The emergence of the ancient Turkic alphabet
656
Formation of the Kimak Khaganate on the Irtysh
679-682
The revolt of the Turks against Chinese rule and the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate
680 g
The defeat of the Western Turkic Kaganate and the subjugation of East Turkestan by China
699
Defeat of the Khitans by the Chinese
VII century
Invention of printing in China
VII century
Formation of the Kyrgyz Kaganate in Semirechye
702-756
Turgesh Khaganate in Semirechye
705-715
Arab conquests in Transcaucasia
706-730s
Capture and conquest of Paikend, Bukhara, Kesh, Khorezm, Samarkand, Fergana by the Arabs
711
Defeat of the Turgesh by the Eastern Turks
711-712
Arab invasion of India
717-755
Byzantium under the emperors of the Isaurian dynasty
720-738
The struggle of the peoples of Central Asia and the Turgesh against the Arabs
721-735
Arab-Khazar War; temporary adoption of Islam by the Khazar Khagan
The victory of Emperor Leo I the Isaurian over the Arabs began the displacement of the Arabs from Asia Minor
744
The defeat of the Turks by the Tokuzoguz and the formation of the Uyghur Khaganate (745-840)
751
The defeat of the Chinese army by the united army of the Turks and Arabs in the valley of the river. Talas (Battle of Talas). Ending the Eastern Aggression of the Chinese Empire
766-940
Karluk Khaganate in Semirechye and northern Tien Shan
790
Tibetan invasion of East Turkestan
VIII century
Numerous uprisings against Arabs in Iran
Con. VIII century
Formation of the West Georgian (Abkhazian) kingdom
820-840
The war of the Kyrgyz with the Uighurs, the defeat of the Uyghur Kaganate by the Kyrgyz and the emergence of the Kyrgyz Kaganate in Tuva
836-842
Persecution of Buddhism in Tibet
840
Defeat of the Uyghur Kaganate by the Kyrgyz. Central Asia as part of the Kyrgyz Kaganate, the capital is Ordu-Balyk on the river. Abakan)
842
WaspadTibetan Empire
893-894
Samanid invasion of the Talas Valley
894-899
I The Qarmatian Revolt in Bahrain
9th century
The struggle of Confucianism in China against Buddhism, Manichaeism and Christianity as “foreign faiths”
9th century
Creation of Japanese writing
Con. 9th century
Defeat of the Pechenegs by the Oguzes and Khazars
900 g
Founding of the Karmatian state in Bahrain
900-906
Revolt of the Qarmatians in Syria and Iran
907-960
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China
1916-1125 Khitan State in Northeast China
924
The beginning of the Mongolization of Central Asia
928-932
Arab conquest of Western Iran
928-942
Ziyarid State in Gorgan
935-1055
Bund State in Western Iran
942-1037
Karakhanid State in Central Asia
947
Proclamation of the Liao Empire by the Khitans with its capital in Beijing (before 1125)
950 g
Formation of independent Vietnam
960
Proclamation of Islam as the state religion in the Karakhanid state
960-1127
Unification of China. Northern Song Empire
962-1186
Ghaznavid State Conquest of the Jurjens by the Khitans
Ser. 9th century
Illustration of the Oguz Khaganate
967-1028
The political and economic rise of Byzantium under the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty
974-999
Samanid state in Central Asia
999 g
Subjugation of Transoxiana by the Karakhanids
Con. Hv.
Conquest of Eastern Iran by the Ghaznavids
1001
Unification of Georgia
1001
Beginning of Mahmud Ghaznavi's campaigns in India
1003
Capture north-east Tibet (Principality of Xiliangfu) by the Tanguts
1010-1125
Ly Dynasty in Vietnam
1014
The Khitan invasion of Semirechye and their defeat by the Bukhara ruler
1014
Subjugation of Khorezm by Mahmud Ghazni
Perv. Thursday XI century
Relocation of the Turkic-speaking tribes of Central Asia to Central Asia under pressure from the Khitans; further migration of Oguzes (Torks) and Kipchaks (Cumans) to Eastern Europe
1040
The defeat of the Ghaznavids by the Seljuks, their capture of Khorasan
1044-1287
Burmese state of Pagan
1055-1118
The Seljuk Empire occupies the territory from Anatolia to Fergana
1070
Collapse of the Karakhanid state into Western and Eastern Khaganates
1071
The defeat of the Byzantine army by the Seljuk Turks, the loss of Armenia and part of Asia Minor by Byzantium
1081-1180
Restoration of the power of Byzantium under the emperors of the Komnenos dynasty
1090-1256
Ismaili rule in Northern Iran
1115
Unification of the Jurgen tribes by the leader Shilu
1118
Collapse of the Seljuk state into the western part (Iran) and the eastern part (Khorasan)
1127
Conquest of Northern China by the Jurjens: Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in Northern China and Southern Song Empire (1127-1279) in Southern China
1140-1213
Karakita State
Ser. XII century
State of Khaman Mongol Ulus
1161, 1163-1164
Wars of the Southern Song Empire with the Jurgens
1185-1204
Decline of the Byzantine Empire under emperors from the dynasty of Angels, dynastic feuds
1192
Proclamation of Minamoto Iofitomo as shogun of Japan. Beginning of the formation of the shogunate
1192-1398
Delhi Sultanate
XII century
The collapse of the Seljuk power after their defeat by the Khitans and Kara-Kitayans
1204
Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders
1204
Temuchin's defeat of the Kereits
1206
The All-Mongolian Kurultai proclaims Temujin Genghis Khan (1206-1227) (Great Khan)
1206
Conquest of the Kyrgyz Khaganate by the Mongols
1207
Tibetan princes recognized dependence on Genghis Khan
1209-1234
Conquest of Northern China by the Mongols
1211
The defeat of the state of the Kata-China by the Naiman. Voluntary submission of the Uighurs and Karluks to Genghis Khan
1211-1212
War of the Nicene Empire against the Latin Empire
1216
The Mongol commander Subede subjugated the lands between Altai and the Urals
1218
Annexation of East Turkestan and Semirechye to the Mongol Empire
1218-1221
Kyrgyz revolt against the Mongols
1218-1231
Conquest of the state of Koryo by the Mongols (in Korea)
1219-1221
Mongol conquest of Central Asia
1219-1333
Hojo Dynasty in Japan
1220-1256
Mongol conquest of Iran
1221-1224
First Mongol invasion of India
1222
Capture of Herat by the Mongols, pacification of the uprising in Merv
1225-1400
Tran Dynasty in Vietnam
1227
Allocation of Desht-i-Kipchak and European steppes into the ulus of the descendants of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan
1227
Death of Genghis Khan in a campaign against the Tanguts. Destruction of the Tangut state by the Mongols. Division of the Mongol Empire into uluses
1227-1255
Reign of Vatu (Batu), son of Jochi, in the Jochi ulus (later the Golden Horde)
1229-1241
Great Khan Ogedei, third son of Genghis Khan
1231-1239
Mongol conquest of Transcaucasia
1234-1242
Wars of the Mongols with the state of Southern Sug Destruction of the state of Jin
1241-1246
Second Mongol invasion of India
1256-1353
The state of the Hulaguids (Ilkhans) in Iran, Iraq and Asia Minor. Dynasty of descendants of Hulagu, son of Tuluy
1256
Hulagu's invasion of Khorasan
1256
Conquest of China by Kublai, son of Tului
1257,1284,1287
Mongol invasions of Vietnam
1260-1294
Great Khan Kublai, son of Tului
1260-1368
Yuan Dynasty - descendants of Kublai Kublai, son of Tului
1261
Restoration of the Byzantine Empire by Michael VIII.
1268-1248
Great Khan Guyuk, son of Ogedei
1275-1292
Marco Polo's Journey to China and India
1276
Capture of the capital of the Sun Empire, Hanzh, by the Mongols, conquest of Southern China
1277
Mongol invasion of Burma
OK. 1282-1326
Turkish Emir Osman I. Formation of the Ottoman State. Consolidation of the Turkish people
1293
The defeat of the Kyrgyz state by the Mongols, the eviction of the Kyrgyz to Mongolia and Manchuria
1295
Recognition of Islam as the state religion in the Hulaguid state
1297-1313
Capture of North and South India by the Delhi Sultan
1312-1341
Uzbek rule in the Golden Horde - the heyday of the Golden Horde, Uzbek adoption of Islam
as state religion
1330s
Suppression of the Haidu dynasty (grandson of Ogedei) in the Pamirs and Tien Shan
1335-1392
"The period of two governments" - northern and southern - in Japan
1336-1353
Collapse of the Hulaguid state
1352-1354
Capture of Gallipoli by the Ottoman Turks
1368
Capture of Beijing by troops of Zhu Yuanzhang. Overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, beginning of the Ming Dynasty (in China (until 1644)
1370 The son of the last Yuan emperor Togon-Timurs Akrshridar was proclaimed Khan of Mongolia (Biliktu Khan).
1371 g
The defeat of the Serbian-Macedonian army by the Ottoman Turks at the river. Maritse
1370-1380s Timur's invasions of Mogolistan
1370-1405
Timur's reign in Transoxiana
1376-1382
Administrative reforms of Zhu Yuanzhang in China
1380-1393
Timur's conquest of Iran, his suppression of uprisings in Sabzevar, Isfahan, Mazandaran
1389
Turkish victory over the Serbs in Kosovo
1393-1396
Conquest of most of Bulgaria by the Ottoman Turks
1396 g
The defeat of European knighthood by the Turks at Nicopolis.
1398-1399
Timur's campaign in India, the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate
1405-1409
War of the Mongols with the Ming Empire
1410-1468
Kara Koyunlu State in Iran
OK. 1428
Formation of the Crimean Khanate
1441-1446
Chinese expeditions to Northern Burma
1449:
The campaign of the Mongols led by Esen-taisha against the Ming Empire, the capture of the emperor
1450-1460s
Migration of Janibek and Girey from the ulus of Abulkhair to the valley of Talas and Chu. Consolidation of the Kazakh people
Tue floor. XV century
Formation of the Siberian Khanate
1453
Conquest of Constantinople by the Turkish Sultan Mehmed II Fatihod. End of the Byzantine Empire
1454-1479
Turkic conquest of Serbia, Peloponnese, Trebizond Empire, Bosnia, Albania, Crimean Khanate, Moldavia, Wallachia, Aegean islands
1471
Vietnamese conquest of the state of Champa
1488
Unification of Mongolia by Dyan Khan
1499-1512
Muhammad Shaybani's conquest of Central Asia
XV century
Migration of the Turkic-speaking ancestors of the Yakuts from Transbaikalia to the Lena
End of the 15th century
Centralization of power in the Ming Empire
1502
Proclamation of Ismail I Safavi as Shah of Iran, beginning of the Safavid dynasty
1510-1512
War between the Persian Shah Ismail I Safavi and the Shaybanids
1512-1524
Formation of the Khiva Khanate
1513
The defeat of Timurid Babur by the Uzbek khans; Babur's flight to Kabul, then to Delhi
1514-1555
Iran-Turkey War
1521
F. Magellan discovers and declares the Philippine Islands to be Spanish possession
1526
Babur's creation of the Mughal Empire in India (before 1707)
Tue floor. XVI century
The conquest of the Lhasa lamas by the Ordos rulers, the penetration of Lamaism into Mongolia.
1557
Transformation of Macau (Macau) into a Portuguese colony.
1571
The Spaniards found the city of Manila in the Philippines.
1578-1590
The Iranian-Turkish war, which ended with the division of Transcaucasia between these powers.
1581
Turkish ships capture the Portuguese fortress in Muscat.
1581-1585
Conquest of the Siberian Khanate by Ataman Ermak
1587-1629
Rise of the power of the Safavid state under Shah Abbas I
1592-1593, 1597-1598
Sino-Japanese War due to the Japanese invasion of Korea
Con. XVI-early XVII century
Creation of Sholoy Ubashi as a khuntaiji of the Altyn Khan state in Northwestern Mongolia (before 1696)
1602-1612, 1616-1618, 1623-1639
Iranian-Turkish wars
1604-1634
The last pan-Mongol khan Ligdan Khan
1635
Formation of the Dzungar Khanate of Oirots (Kalmaks, Kalmyks)
1635-1637
Manchu Confederation conquers southern Mongolia and Korea
1635-1758
The struggle of the Kyrgyz against the aggressive campaigns of the Dzungars (Oirots)
1636
The South Mongol princes proclaim Abakhai as Mongol Khan; Abahai takes the title of Emperor
1638
Japan closes its ports to foreigners 1644-1647.
Capture of Beijing, Nanjing and Guangzhou (Canton) by the Manchus, invasion of Sichuan. Overthrow of the Ming Dynasty, formation of the state of Di-Shun
1648
Voyage of Semyon Dezhnev through the Bering Strait between Asia and America
1648-1652
Revolts against the Manchus in China
1661
The British create a colony in Bombay in southern India
1664
Manchu conquest of mainland China
1666-1678
Afghan uprisings against Mughal rule
1675-1678
Sikh revolt against Mughal rule in India
1678-1680
Campaigns of the Dzungars in Kashgaria in 1688
Recognition of Khiva's vassal dependence on Bukhara
1690
Founding of Calcutta by the British
Beginning XVIII century
Formation of the Kokand Khanate
Beginning XVIII century
Establishment of Manchu rule over the entire territory of China
1700-1710s
Uprisings of the tribes that were part of the Safavid state. Decline of the Safavid Empire
1708
Sikhs gain control of the Punjab region of northern India
1710
Establishment of power of Shahrukh Biy in Fergana. Beginning of the Ming dynasty
1717
Mongol troops capture Lhasa, the capital of Tibet
1718
The Chinese army sent to Tibet defeated the Mongol troops
1720
Japanese shogun Yoshimun allows the import of European non-religious books
1721
Subjugation of Qinghai to the Qing Empire
1722-1723
The Persian campaign of Peter I, the capture by Russian troops of Baku, Derbent and the northern Caspian provinces of Iran
1725-1730
The first Kamchatka Russian expedition of V. Bering. Opening of the strait between Asia and America
1730
Acceptance of Russian citizenship by Kazakhs
1730-1736
Iran-Turkey War
1733-1761
Maratha Confederation in India
1734-1735
Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz
1736-1737
The campaign of the Persian Shah Nadir to Afghanistan and Transoxiana, the capture of Balkh and the siege of Karshi. The defeat of the Bukhara army near Karshi
1736-1739
Nadir Shah's destructive campaign in India
1740
Nadir Shah's campaign in Transoxiana. The Bukhara and Khiva khanates become vassals of Iran
1740,1750,1757
Revolts in Japan against the Dutch
1742
Marathas raid British part of Bengal
1743-1747
Nadir Shah's war with Turkey
1747
Death of Nadir Shah and the fall of the Central Asian khanates from Iran
11747-1788
The Wahhabi struggle for the unification of Nej (Arabia)
1755
"Afghans conquer Punjab in northern India
1757
Closure of all Chinese ports (except Guangzhou [Canton]) to European trade
1758-1759
The defeat and subjugation of Dzungaria by China
1758-1760
Conquest of East Turkestan, Semirechye and Kashgar by the Qing Empire
1761
Afghans invade northern India and defeat the Marathas
1764
The British seek control over all of Bengal.
1767-1769
China's war with Burma. Subjugation of Burma to China
1767-1849
Conquest of India by England
1767
Burma conquers Thailand
1768
Creation of the secret anti-Manchu society "Triad" in southern China
1769
Establishing Burma's dependence on China
1770
Repelling the Turkmen raid from Khiva
1771
Extermination of Kalmyks by Kazakhs moving from the Volga region to Dzungaria
1774
"Literary Inquisition" in China - burning of about 14,000 books
1775-1785
Revolts against the British in Bengal. Anglo-Maratha War
1783-1787, 1790-1797
The uprising of Syrym Datov in the Younger Zhuz (Kazakhstan)
1786-1788
Anti-Chinese uprising in Taiwan
1787-1791
Russian-Turkish war. Annexation of Crimea to Russia.
1788-1789
Sino-Vietnamese War. Establishment of Vietnam's vassal dependence on China
1795
The British take control of Malacca
1796
Edict of the Chinese Emperor “On the Prohibition of the Import of Opium”
1796
Capture of Khorasan by Iran
1796-1800
Uprising in Central China led by the White Lotus Society
1797
Pokhod V.A. Zubov to Persia, capture of Derbent, Cuba, Baku, khanates along the Kura and Araks
1801
Annexation of Georgia to the Russian Empire
1802-1805
Second Maratha War of the British against the Hindus and the French
1804-1813
Russian-Iranian war, the annexation of Azerbaijan to Russia
1810
Annexation of Abkhazia to Russia
1811
The British recapture Malacca and conquer the Dutch islands of Java and Sumatra
1816
Failure of the British trade and diplomatic mission to China
1816
The British return the islands of Java and Sumatra to Holland
1817-1818
Third Anglo-Maratha War
1817-1864
Caucasian War of the Russian Empire
1818
Britain returns Malacca to the Dutch
1818
After a tribal uprising, Afghanistan breaks up into small states
1821-1825
The uprising of the Uzbek tribe of Katai-Kypchaks and Karakalpaks. Invasion of the Khivans into the Bukhara Khanate
1824
Sepoy Mutiny at Barrackpore (India)
1824
The British declare war on Burma and capture Rangoon.
1824
The Dutch cede Malacca to Britain and in exchange receive territory on the island of Sumatra
Perv. Thursday XIX century
Kokand khans from the Ming dynasty conquered Tashkent, Turkestan and extended their power to part of Semirechye
1826
Muslims in northern India declare jihad (holy war) on Sikhs
1826-1828
Revolt of the Turkmens against Khiva
1826-1828
Russian-Iranian War
1828-1829 Russo-Turkish War
1830
The Dutch suppress the rebellion in Java
1832
In northeast India, Muslims defeat the Sikhs at the Battle of Balakot in 1834.
The shelling of Guangzhou by an English squadron, which provoked the cessation of trade relations between China and England
1837-1841
Revolt of Sultan Kenesary Kasimov (Kenesary Kasym-uly) in Kazakhstan
1837-1842
Anglo-Iranian conflict over Herat
1837-1857
The last Great Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II
1839
The British occupy the port of Aden in Yemen
1839-1842
Anglo-Chinese (first “Opium”) War
1842
Capture of Kokand by Bukhara troops and their expulsion
1842
Treaty of Nanjing ending the Opium War, England gains Hong Kong
1844
Cambodia falls under Thai control
1845-1846
Anglo-Sikh War in India
1848-1849
Second British War against the Sikhs in India
1850
Taiping Rebellion in China
1853
Pokhod V.A. Perovsky to Central Asia, capture of the Kokand fortress Ak-Mosque
1853-1868
Nianjun Rebellion in China
1855
Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Issyk-Kul Kyrgyz
1855-1873
Anti-Qing Muslim uprising in China
1856-1860
Anglo-Franco-Chinese (second “Opium”) War. The French occupy the city of Saigon in southern Vietnam
1857-1858
Sepoy Mutiny in India
1858-1859
Revolt of Karakalpaks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs against Khiva 1860
The capture of the Kokand fortresses of Pishpek and Tokmak by Russian troops with the assistance of the Kyrgyz
1860
The capture of Beijing by Europeans, the flight of the emperor. Beijing Treaties between China and England and France
1860
Beijing Treaty with Russia on the annexation of the Ussuri region to Russia
1862-1864
The defeat of the Taiping uprising in China by European armies
1862
France takes over southeast Vietnam
1864
A combined expedition of French, American, Dutch and British ships destroys Japanese coastal fortresses
1864-1866
Capture of Shymkent, Tashkent, Turkestan, Bukhara, Jazik, Khojent by Russian troops
1868
Treaty between Russia and the Khanate of Kokand. Recognition of vassal dependence on Russia by Khudoyar Khan
1869
Opening of the Calcutta-Bombay railway
1870-1872
Uyghur uprisings against Chinese rule in Central Asia
1870-1888
Travels N.M. Przhevalsky to Central Asia, China and Tibet
1873
In Vietnam, France captures Hanoi and the Red River Delta region
1873
Khiva campaign of General K.P. Kaufman, the capture of Khiva and the establishment of a Russian protectorate over the Khanate
1874
Japanese invasion of Taiwan
1875
Anglo-Chinese conflict in Yunnan Province
1876
The defeat of the Kokand Khan Pulat Khan by General M.D. Skobelev. Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate
1876
Proclamation of Queen Victoria I of England as Empress of India
1877
The revolt of the samurai in Japan against the modernization of the country
1878-1880
Second Anglo-Afghan War
1881
Russian-Chinese border treaty
1881-1884
Relocation of Dungans and Uighurs to Semirechye from the Gulja region, transferred to China in 1884-1885.
Franco-Chinese War
1885
Indian National Congress founded
1887
France unites its colonies in Vietnam and Cambodia and calls them Indochina
1888
British invasion of Tibet
1888
The first railway opened in China
1889
Establishment of an English protectorate over Kuwait
1891-1903
Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway
1894-1895
Sino-Japanese War
1894-1896
Armenian pogroms in Turkey
1896
Russian-Chinese agreement on the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER)
1898
The US recaptures Manila from Spain and gains the Philippines and Guam.
1898
Russian-Chinese agreement on the lease of Port Arthur (Lüshun) and the construction of the South Manchurian Railway (SMZhD)
1898
Stage of reform in China
1898-1901
Rebellion of the Yihetuan (Boxers) in China
899
A rebellion against the US breaks out in the Philippines
1900
Anti-Turkish uprising in Syria
1903
Britain declares the Arabian (Persian) Gulf a sphere of its control
1904-1905
Russo-Japanese War
1904
English military expedition captures Lhasa.
1905
Turkish invasion of Iran
1905
Establishment of the Chinese Revolutionary United Alliance under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen
1905-1911
Revolution in Iran
1906
Creation of the All India Muslim League.
1906-1908
Reforms of Empress Ci Xi aimed at modernizing China
1907
Anglo-Russian agreement on the delimitation of spheres of influence in Iran, Tibet and Afghanistan
1907
The beginning of armed British intervention in Iran
1907
The Japanese exercise protectorate over Korea
1908
Revolution of the Young Turks in Turkey. Restoration of the constitution
1910
Annexation of Korea by Japan
1911
China declares war on Germany. Formation of the South Chinese government in China led by Sun Yat-sen
1917
British troops capture Baghdad and Jerusalem
1917-1920
Civil war in the Transcaucasus, Central Asia, Siberia and Far East.
Formation of Soviet republics in Transcaucasia and Central Asia
1919
Renaming the Chinese Revolutionary United Alliance to the National Party of China (Zhongguo Kuomintang) led by Sun Yat-sen
1919
Mauritania recognizes independence from Afghanistan
1920
France receives League of Nations mandate to govern Syria and Lebanon
1921
Election of Sun Yat-sen as President of China. Base Communist Party China (CCP).
1922
Entry of the Soviet republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia into the USSR
1924
Proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic.
1924
The abolition of the caliphate and the deposition of Caliph Abdulmecid in Turkey. Constitution 1924-1927
First Civil War in China
1925
Death of Sun Yat-sen. Chiang Kai-shek becomes the leader of the Kuomintang. Movement to restore Chinese unity. Chiang Kai-shek's campaign in Guangdong province. Incorporation of the four southern provinces into the Republic of China
1926
Lebanon becomes an independent republic
1926-1928
Northern Expedition of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army
1927
Formation of the Indonesian National Party led by A. Sukarno
1927
Britain recognizes Iraqi independence
1927
Capture of Shanghai and Nanjing by Chiang Kai-shek. Moving the capital of China to Nanjing. Split of the national bloc. Communist-led uprising in Nanchang. Creation of the armed forces of the Red Army. The beginning of a new civil war
1928
Japanese invasion of Shandong (China)
1929
Proclamation of Muhammad Nadir Shah as King of Afghanistan
1930
Ho Chi Minh establishes the Indochina Communist Party
1931
The adoption by the English Parliament of the Statute of Westminster, which provided
dominions sovereign rights in the field of foreign and domestic policy. Transformation of the British Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations
Entry of Russian and British troops into Iran
1931
Japan's invasion of China and occupation of Manchuria. Proclamation of the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR). Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Republic of China Mao Zedong
1932
Kingdom created Saudi Arabia
1933
Assassination of Nadir Shah in Afghanistan, transfer of power to Muhammad Zahir Shah
1934
"Long March" of the Red Army to Yan'an
1935
Secession of Burma from India
1936
Military coup in Iraq
1937
Japanese troops invade China and capture Beijing, Nanjing and Shanghai
1938
"Law on General Mobilization of the Nation" in Japan. The invasion of Japanese troops into the territory of the USSR and their defeat of the lake. Hasan
1939
The invasion of Japanese troops into the territory of Mongolia and their defeat by Soviet and Mongolian units near the Khalkhin Gol River
1940
The Japanese invade French Indochina and capture Saigon.
1940-1941
Military conflict between Thailand and French Indochina. 1940-1941
Popular uprisings against colonial authorities in Indochina
1941
The Japanese air attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor and the beginning of
war on Pacific Ocean. Declaration of war on Japan by the United States and Great Britain. Japanese landings in British Malaya, the Philippines and Borneo
1941
Entry of Soviet and British troops into Iran, British troops into Syria
1942
Entry of American troops into Iran
1943
Syria and Lebanon gain independence from France
1943
Cairo meeting of US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill with Chiang Kai-shek, declaration of joint action against Japan
1943
Tehran conference of the heads of the “Big Three” (USA, England, USSR) in Iran
1944
Capture of the Marshall Islands by American troops, landing on New Guinea. The largest Japanese-American maritime settlement in history off the island of Leyte. Japanese advance in Central and Southern China, invasion of India
1945
Potsdam Declaration of the governments of the USSR, Great Britain and China outlining the terms of Japan's surrender. Atomic bombing by American aircraft of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The entry of the USSR into the war against Japan, the defeat of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, the offensive of the People's Liberation Army of China under the leadership of Mao Zedong. Japanese surrender. End of World War II
1945
Cambodia declares independence
1945
Declaration of independence of Laos
1945-1947
Peaceful revolution in India. The leader of the revolution was Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, who put forward the theory of nonviolent resistance
1946
The Republic of the Philippines becomes an independent state
1946
Independence of Transjordan (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan)
1947
UN decision to divide British Mandatory Palestine into the Jewish state of Israel and the Arab state of Palestine, giving Jerusalem the status of a free city
1947
The independence of India and its division along religious lines into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. Mahatma Gandhi - first Prime Minister of India
1948
Proclamation of the State of Israel. Declaration of war on Israel by Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen and Saudi Arabia
1948
Independence of Burma. Civil War in Burma
1949
Proclamation of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong. The remnants of the Kuomintang army led by Chiang Kai-shek are evacuated to Taiwan. The formation of “two Chinas”
1949
An independent republic was created in North Korea (President Kim Il Sung) and South Korea
1949
Cambodia gains independence, ruler Prince Sihanouk of the People
1949
Conclusion of a truce between Israel and Arab countries through UN mediation.
Division of Palestine and Jerusalem between Israel, Jordan and Egypt
1950
Chinese invasion of Tibet
1950-1953
Invasion North Korea to South Korea. Korean War
1953
Hussein becomes King of Jordan, establishing a moderate constitutional monarchy with a parliament and a multi-party system
1955
Adoption of the Constitution of Pakistan, declaring the country an Islamic Republic
1955
Formation of the Republic of Vietnam (ROV), led by a pro-American president (Dinh Diem)
1957
The “Great Leap Forward” policy in China
1958
Overthrow of the monarchy in Iraq. Proclamation of the Republic
1959
Chinese troops suppress uprising in Tibet, Dalai Lama flees
1960
Establishment of the dictatorship of A. Sukarno in Indonesia
1962
"White Revolution" in Iran. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1962
Military coup in Thailand
1962
Declaration of independence of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR)
1963
Military coup in the Republic of Vietnam. Assassination of President Ngo Dinh Diem
1964
War begins between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States after Vietnamese forces attack US warships in the Gulf of Tonkin
1964
Creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which led the fight for the creation of a Palestinian state
1966
Coup d'etat in Indonesia. Transfer of power to the military led by General R. Suharto
1966
Mao Zedong begins the Cultural Revolution in China. Red Guard units (Red Guards) were created
1966-1977, 1980-1984
Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, daughter of the leader of the struggle for independence D. Nehru
1967
Declaration of independence of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY)
1969
Yasser Arafat becomes leader of the PLO
1970
The transition of the radical wing of the PLO, led by the Fatah organization. A short civil war in Jordan (“Black September”), started by PLO militants. Displacement of the PLO from Jordan to Lebanon
1971
Declaration of independence of Bahrain
1971
Declaration of independence of the British protectorate Treaty Oman and creation of the United; United Arab Emirates
1972
Ceylon becomes the independent Republic of Sri Lanka
1973
End of the Vietnam War
1973
Elimination of the monarchy and proclamation of a republic in Afghanistan
1974
Nuclear weapons testing in India
1975
The beginning of the civil war in Lebanon. Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, which was subsequently handed over to UN troops and the South Lebanon Army
1975
The transition of the Republic of Vietnam to the power of the Provisional Revolutionary Government formed in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1975
The fall of the monarchy in Laos. Transfer of power to Prince Souphanouvong, who becomes head of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Lao Communist Party
1976
Unification of North and South Vietnam. Proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)
1976-1977
Power crisis in China caused by the deaths of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. The Gang of Four, including Mao Zedong's wife, are removed from power. Deng Xiaoping becomes Prime Minister
1978
Revolution in Afghanistan. Proclamation of the People's Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The beginning of the civil war in Afghanistan, which grew into one of the largest international conflicts
1979
Islamic revolution in Iran. The overthrow of the Shah's regime and the proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The adoption of a new constitution of Iran, according to which the highest power in the country belongs to the clergy in the person of the leader of the Islamic revolution, Imam Ayatollah Khomeini. Transformation of Iran into a stronghold of Islamic fundamentalism 1979 1979
Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel at Camp David. Israel returns the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
1979-1989
USSR War in Afghanistan
1979
Establishment of the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein in Iraq
1979
Liberation of Phnom Penh by Vietnamese troops. The fall of the Pol Pot regime. Beginning of the Cambodian Civil War
1979
Armed conflict between China and Vietnam caused by Vietnam's participation in the overthrow of the Pol Pot regime
1980
Proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The beginning of another escalation of the Middle East crisis
1980
The beginning of the war between Iraq and Iran over disputed territories in the Persian Gulf
1980s
The emergence of Islamic parties aimed at spreading the Islamic revolution throughout the Muslim world - the party of Allah (Hezbollah) and the Islamic Resistance Movement, or Hamas
1982
The destruction of the main PLO bases by the Israelis. Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon. International peacekeeping forces arrive in Beirut
1987
The beginning of the intifada. Palestinian uprising in Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank
1987
Syria sends troops to Beirut
1987
Indian troops seek ceasefire in conflict between Tamil Tiger guerrillas and Sri Lankan government forces
1988
The transition of power in Pakistan to the civilian government after the death of Zia-ul-Haq in a plane crash
1988
Cessation of hostilities in the Iran-Iraq war
1989
Chinese troops shoot down pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
1989
Adoption of the Charter of National Accord in Lebanon. End of the Civil War
1990
The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops and occupation of the country. Adoption of economic sanctions against Iraq by the UN Security Council
1990
Unification of the People's Democratic Republics of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic
1990
End of the Iran-Iraq War
1990-1991
Collapse of the USSR. Formation of the independent republics of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia
1991
Operation Desert Storm by the United States and its allies against Iraq. Liberation of Kuwait
and restoration of its independence
1992
Surrender of the pro-Soviet regime in Afghanistan. The rise to power of the Taliban - Muslim fundamentalists who declared the country an Islamic Republic
Afghanistan. Escalation of the Afghan Civil War
1992
Beginning of the civil war in Tajikistan
1995
Turkish troops invade Iraq and attack Kurdish guerrillas
1997
Transfer of the former British colony of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. Capital outflow from Hong Kong banks. Beginning of a widespread crisis in the Pacific region
1998
Popular unrest in Indonesia caused by the Pacific Crisis. Suharto's resignation. The first free elections in the country
1999
US bombing of Iraq under the pretext of violating UN sanctions
1999
India tests nuclear weapons. Fourth conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir
2000
Withdrawal of Israeli troops from southern Lebanon. The beginning of a new aggravation of the Israeli-Palestinian problem
2001
Terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, for which US intelligence agencies blame the Islamic terrorist organization Al-Qaeda, led by Saudi millionaire Osama bin Laden
2001-2002
The military operation of the United States and NATO countries is supported by almost all Asian states and Russia against the Al-Qaeda organization and its allies, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Bombing of Afghanistan, offensive of the Northern Alliance troops; and their seizure of most of the territory of Afghanistan
2002
New aggravation in the Middle East. Israel accuses Ya. Arafat of aiding terrorism and refuses to negotiate with him
2002
Worsening relations between Pakistan and India. Threat of armed conflict. Summit in Almaty
Briefly about the history of Central Asia.
According to the latest scientific research, man appeared in Central Asia about half a million years ago. And it was from here that people settled Siberia, Europe and America. There is a widespread hypothesis that it is the northwestern part of Central Asia and the southern Urals that are the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans (Aryans).
Ancient era
In the middle of the 5th millennium BC. e. during the so-called During the Neolithic Revolution, some tribes switched to a sedentary lifestyle and began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding, and the domestication of the horse began. In the 3rd millennium BC. e. local residents learned to use chariots. The first city-states appeared in fertile areas. The Bactrian-Margiana civilization, discovered by archaeologists, is considered the oldest in Central Asia. It had its own writing and used irrigated agriculture. Later, the steppe regions were inhabited by tribes of Turks, Scythians and Mongols. Ethnic differences were leveled out by the nomadic way of life common to all steppe peoples.In the 1st millennium BC. e. the southern regions of Central Asia up to the mouth of the Syr Darya became part of the Persian Achaemenid power, which in the 3rd century. BC e. was conquered by Alexander the Great. After his death, the power disintegrated, forming a number of so-called. Hellenistic states, in which there was a significant element of ancient Greek culture. By that time, Buddhism, and later certain movements of Christianity, in particular Nestorianism, had become widespread in the region.
From 209 BC to 93 AD, the nomadic power of the Huns existed in Central Asia. In the 4th century. The Huns, pressed by the Chinese, invaded Europe, which provoked the Great Migration of Peoples, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. After success in the wars with the Huns, the Chinese states sought to expand into the territory of Central Asia, but they did not succeed due to the stubborn opposition of the Turks, who were the dominant ethnic group in the region in the middle of the first millennium.
The so-called route ran through Central Asia. The Great Silk Road, which until the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries for many centuries remained the only route of communication between the countries of Europe and the Far East.
Middle Ages
In the VIII-IX centuries. There was a stubborn struggle between the Tibetan power and the Chinese Tang Empire. The conflict between them also engulfed certain regions of Central Asia. This war ended in 821.In the 8th century The spread of Islam began in the region. Gradually, a significant part of it fell into the sphere of influence of the Arab Caliphate. But popular uprisings repeatedly broke out against Arab rule. The Arabs finally managed to assert their dominance only in 738, thanks to civil strife in the Turkic Kaganate. By the 10th century Central Asia was divided by the Seljuk Turks, the Persian Sassanid dynasty and Khorezm.
At the beginning of the 13th century. After the unification of the Mongols under the rule of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire began to take shape, becoming the largest in terms of territory in history. The success of the Mongol conquests was aided by cavalry recruited from hardy nomads, siege weapons borrowed from the Chinese, and the iron military discipline established by Genghis Khan. At first, the Mongol conquests led to a serious economic decline in the conquered countries, many cities were destroyed, and trade was stopped. But much was gradually restored, and trading in the vast Mongol Empire became easier and safer. Trade flourished until the empire began to disintegrate and military conflicts resumed on its territory.
In the 14th century, one of the descendants of Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, having carried out a number of successful campaigns of conquest, created a large and powerful power with its capital in Samarkand. After his death, the power collapsed, and four khanates of Kokand, Bukhara, Khiva and Kashgar were formed on the territory of Central Asia.
By the 14th century the conquests of the Ottoman Turks began to interfere with European access to the Great Silk Road. The political disunity of the Central Asian region also prevented people from benefiting from trade along it. And after the Portuguese opened the sea route to India, the Silk Road completely lost its former significance.
By that time, firearms had become widely used in warfare, which allowed sedentary peoples to defeat nomads in battles, who did not have the ability to produce these weapons on a comparable scale. And starting from the 15th century. control over Central Asia began to pass to sedentary peoples. The last nomadic power in the region was the Dzungarian kingdom, which was finally conquered by the Chinese in the 18th century. during the Qing Dynasty. The Kokand Khanate also paid tribute to the Chinese. A significant part of Central Asia under Nader Shah was captured by Persia.
Big game
After the death of Nadir Shah, the region became an arena of rivalry between Russia and Great Britain, which by that time had turned the Hindustan Peninsula into its own huge colony. The rivalry between Russia and Britain for control and influence in Asia is called Big game.The first stage of large-scale Russian expansion, which was greatly facilitated by the construction of Orenburg, was the annexation of the Kazakh zhuzes. By the beginning of the 19th century. Russian military invasions became more intense, and local peoples could not successfully resist them due to backwardness in weapons and military organization. In 1865, after Russia conquered a significant part of Central Asia, an administrative entity was created with its center in Tashkent - the Turkestan Governor-General. Afghanistan became a buffer between the possessions of Russia and British India. In 1887, London and St. Petersburg agreed on its northern border.
The Emir of Bukhara, the Khans of Khiva and Kokand recognized their vassal dependence on Russia.
In the 60s XIX century Due to the Civil War in the United States, cotton prices increased significantly. And then this crop began to be grown in large quantities in Central Asia. The region's economy developed successfully under Russian rule. The Tashkent and Transcaspian railways were built. And during World War I, the design of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway began, which was built already during the Soviet period in the 30s. XX century. After the revolution of 1917, Soviet republics were formed in Central Asia under communist rule. At the same time, in the southern territories of Central Asia there is a civil war in the form of the so-called. The Basmachi movement lasted longer than in the rest of the country, until the 30s. The administrative boundaries of the Central Asian Soviet republics changed several times, and eventually the Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik and Kyrgyz republics were formed.
During the years of Soviet power, a lot of work was done to systematize the languages of local peoples. The Arabic alphabet in them in the 20s. was replaced by the Latin alphabet, and in the 30s. into Cyrillic.
During the Great Patriotic War Several million refugees and hundreds of industrial enterprises were evacuated to Central Asia. This contributed to significant development of the region's economy. In addition, many peoples of the USSR were deported here, in particular the Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, Meskhetian Turks, etc. In the early 50s, trying to increase food production, the leadership of the USSR decided to develop virgin and fallow lands. During the implementation of this decision, about 300 thousand people from the central part of the USSR moved to Kazakhstan, a significant part of the migrants moved from Ukraine.
In 1955, construction of the Baikonur Cosmodrome began in Kazakhstan.
One of the most important events of the Perestroika era, which began after M. S. Gorbachev came to power in the USSR, was the so-called. “The Uzbek case”, when the USSR Prosecutor's Office identified numerous cases of large-scale corruption in Uzbekistan. At the end of the 80s. Major ethnic unrest occurred in the Fergana Valley. After the collapse of the USSR was finally formalized in December 1991, all the republics of Central Asia gained political independence and joined the CIS. At the same time, peace and stability were ensured in most of the region. But many representatives of the Russian-speaking population were subsequently forced to leave, and a large-scale civil war broke out on the territory of Tajikistan in 1992, complicated by the problem of drug trafficking from the territory of neighboring Afghanistan.
In 2005, the so-called The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, which led to the expulsion of its President Okaev from the country.
To date, a significant part of the population of many Central Asian republics, especially Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, is forced to become labor migrants and go to work in Russia. The economic situation in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan is somewhat better in comparison, thanks to the development of natural gas deposits and other raw materials.
The capital of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 21st century. was moved from Almaty to Astana (Tselinograd). In terms of its architectural appearance, it has become one of the most modern cities in the world.
Program developer: Alaev L.B., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor at MGIMO (U) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia.
This course is component general professional discipline “History of the studied region (country)”, revealing the history of the countries of South Asia (territory modern states India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal). The course aims to give students a holistic understanding of the history of the region as an integral part of a single world-historical process from ancient times until the end of the twentieth century, about the main features of life and everyday life of the peoples of the countries of South Asia, their mentality, to analyze the political, economic and spiritual development of the countries of this region.
The course “History of the Countries of South Asia” provides a presentation of concepts and a set of facts, the assimilation of which is necessary for future regional scientists, provides a theoretical understanding of complex historical processes that have not yet found final resolution in modern historiography (problems of the uniqueness of Indian civilization, features of the traditional socio-economic and political system of peoples South Asia, the content of the transition from traditional to modern society, experience of independent development of the respective countries).
| № | Name of topics | Total hours | Auditory lessons | Independent work | |
| Lectures | Seminars | ||||
| 1 | The period of formation of society and state among the peoples of South Asia. South Asia in ancient times. The period of transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2 | South Asia in the early Middle Ages. Delhi Sultanate. Mughal Empire. Islam in South Asia and religious reform movements in the XV-XVII centuries. | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | Indian caste system. Economic system of the Mughal Empire. Lanka in antiquity and the Middle Ages. | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 4 | British conquest of South Asia. India at the end of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. Sepoy Rebellion 1857-1859 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 5 | India in the second half of the 19th century. Religious reformation.« Awakening Asia» and consolidation of the colonial regime. | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 6 | India during the First World War. Ceylon in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The rise of the national liberation struggle in India in 1919-22. India 1923-36 India the day before World War II. | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 7 | India in Years II world war. Ceylon in 1918-1948 History of Nepal in modern times (before 1954). | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 8 | India 1947-64 India 1964-77 India 1977-84 India 1984-97 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 9 | Pakistan in 1947-58 Military regimes 1958-71 Pakistan under the government of Z. A. Bhutto (1971-1977). | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 10 | Military regime of Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988). | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 11 | Pakistan in 1988-2000 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 12 | History of Bangladesh. | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 13 | Sri Lanka 1948-2000 Nepal 1951-2000 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
|
TOTAL: | |||||
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Books
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